Pakistan Affairs

Topic 2: Muslim Rule in Subcontinent-Downfall and Efforts for Renaissance

1) MUSLIM RULE IN SUBCONTINENT
TURKISH PERIOD:
Arabs were succeeded by Turks from 10 th Century. It properly rose in Afghanistan under the leadership of Sultan
Mahmud, Mahmud Ghauri in 1196 A.D.

i. Ghaznavids (976-1148 A.D.)

 Sabuktigin (20 year Rule)
 Ismail bin Sabuktigin (1 year)
 Mehmud Bin Sabuktigin (Mehmood Ghaznavi)
 17 expeditions
 Somnath Temple
 Artist and Poets Existed (Firdausi Book ShahNama) (Al beruni)

ii. Ghauris (1148-1206 A.D.)

Taking advantage of weakness of Successors of Ghaznavids, Allauddin Hussain of Ghor, destroyed them. In 1163
Ghaiyasuddin became governor of Ghor. He sent his brother “Sahabuddin’ to conquer Ghazni. He succeeded in 1173
and appointed as governor. Sahabuddin is Muhammad Ghori.
 Marched against Lahore and defeated Khusrou Shah (Last Sultan of Ghaznavids)
 First Battle of Terrain (Ghori Vs. Pritviraj) Ghori Lost
 Second Battle of Terrain (Ghori Vs. Pritviraj) Ghori Succeed
 Ajmer & Delhi occupied, after death of Ghaiyasuddin (Brother), he took control of Ghor and Ghazni.
 M. Ghori raised thousands of slaves like royal children and provided them with training. Slaves occupied all key
positions in the government.
 The favorite Slaves of Ghori were: Aibek, Taj ud din Yalduz, Nasir ud din Qubacha
 These three were appointed as Governors of Delhi, Ghazni and Lahore.

iii. SULTANATE OF DELHI (1206-1526 A.D.)

1. Slave/Mumluks/Ilbari Dynasty (1206-1290)
i. Qutb ud din Aibek
 Viceroy of Delhi and Married daughter of Yalduz
 Gave his sister to Qubacha and Gave daughter to Illtumish
 Title of “Lakh Bakhsh”
 Constructed two mosques (Quwwat ul Islam & Adhai Din ka Jhonpra)
 Qutb Minar (After Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutb ud Din Bakhtyar)
 Aibek died of injuries from his fall from horse during playing POLO in 1210.
 Aram shah was his son but not competent so rejected as Sultan.
 ii. Illtumish
 Defeated Aram Shah and became Sultan by the invitation of the courtiers)
 Started as Head of Royal Bodyguard and was a slave.
 Defended his throne from rivals in the beginning
 Chengiz was getting powerful that time. He avoided Mongols by not helping rivals of Mongols.
 Suppressed the Rajasthan Revolts. Multan and Sindh annexed to Delhi Sultanate.
 He reasserted his control over behar and Bengal
 Made the empire stable. Nominated his Daughter as Successor
 Hereditary Succession introduced Created a class of ruling elite of forty powerful military leaders
 Introduced Arabic Coinage. Patronized many scholars and Sufis
iii. Sultana Razia
 First Women Ruler and Reign was only for 3 years.
 Razia defeated her brother with help of people of Delhi and ascended the throne in 1236.
 She faced revolts and Challenges mainly because of her gender
 The most formidable for her rule was The Forty.
 Raised Non-Turks to Royal Office
 In 1240, Altunia, Governor of Bhathinda Revolted and attacked and got captured.
 Bahram, son of Illtumish got the throne
 Razia decided to marry Altunia and marched together to take the throne back but killed in the way by some
robbers. After Behram Shah was killed, Masud Shah Grandson of Illtumish became sultan.
 Baalban conspired to overthrow Masud and made Nasiruddin Mahmud Sultan and ruled 20 years.
 He was only a Puppet and the real power was with Baalban.
 He was only a scholar and kind of priest.
 Sultan married Baalban Daughter.
 Baalban Saved the empire from collapse during all that time
 After Nasiruddin died, Baalban became the Sultan
iv. Baha ud Din (Baalban)
2. Khiljis (1290-1320)
3. Tughluq (1320-1413)
4. Sayyids (1414-1451)
5. Lodhis (1451-1526)

MUGHAL PERIOD:
iv. Babur (1526-1530) viii. Akbar (1556-1605)
v. Humayun (1530-1539) ix. Jehangir (1605-1628)
vi. Sher Shah (1539-1545) x. Shah Jehan (1628-1658)
vii. Islam Shah (1545-1556) xi. Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

xii. Bahadur Shah Zafar (1707-1857) Bahadur was banished to Rangoon, where he died in 1862. His two sons and
grandsons were shot by British. The Mughal Period was a brilliant chapter of History which ends with the success of
British.

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CAUSES OF DECLINE OF MUGHALS
 Majority of Non-Muslim Population
 Akbar’s religious policy of Tolerance ‘Din-e-Ilahi’
 Untrustworthy Administration
 Luxurious Living Standards of Mughal Rulers-Lavish spending
 Lack of military discipline
 Huge size of the Empire
 Lack of timely Communication
 Financial Mismanagement
 Sectarian jealousy and violence
 Wars of succession
 Local Insurrections
 Marathas in Deccan
 Rajpoots and movements of Banaras
 Sikhs in Punjab
 Foreign attacks and Colonization
 1739-Nadir Shah of Iran attacked and destroyed Delhi
 Ahmed Shah Abdali attacked India
 Third Battle of Panipat defeated Marathas
 1740-1763 colonization under Robert Clive by British, Battle of Buxar (Bengal and Bihar)
 1857, exile of Bahadur Shah Zafar

2) Efforts For Renaissance

a. Role of Sufis
b. Role of Reformists; Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi, Shah Wali Ullah, and Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi
c. Role of Educationists: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama Muhammad Iqbal

Compiled by M. Hasnain Khan

Topic 3: Movements for Reforms-Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi
1) Introduction
a. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi ; Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani (June 1564 – Dec 1626)
b. Descendant of second caliph Hazrat Umar
c. Father name è Sheikh Abdul Ahad
d. Went to Delhi at age of 36
e. Disciple of Khawaja Baqi Billah
2) Social Conditions during his time
a. Populace belief in Karamat
b. Ulema refer to Jurisprudence rather than Quran
c. Akbar’s anti-Islamic look: Din-E-Elahi, Title of Mujahhid-I-Azam and Imam-I-Adil.
d. Hindu cultural domination
e. Bakhti Movement
f. Wahdat al Wajood theory
3) Mujadid’s efforts
a. Jehad against Din-i-Ilahi (Exposed its fallacy)
b. Theory of Wahdat-ul-Shahood
c. Emphasis on Ittibat-I-Sunnah and the Commandments of Sharia.
d. Countering Wahdat-ul-Wajood: Sufis of Akbar’s time presented the wrong concept that there is no
difference between God and creations. He negated that and presented wahdat-ul-shahud that creator and
creations are two separate entities.
e. Refusal to prostate – society purification
i. Jehangir imprisoned him in Gawaliar for three years
ii. Preaching in fort of Gawaliar
f. Preparation of Disciples
g. Maktaba-e-Imam-e-Rabbani
i. Letters to important nobles and leaders
ii. Abdur Rahim, Khan e Azam Mirza Aziz, Mufti Sardar Jehan
4) Books

a. Isbat ul Nabuwwat d. Maktubat e Imam e Rabbai

b. Risla e Nabuwwat e. Toheed e Shaheedi
c. Need & importance of Prophethood f. Islamic philosophy

5) Two nation theory

a. First stone of two nation theory – first founder of Pakistan
b. Influence over Jehangir – Khutba; Cow Slaughter
6) Shaikh imprisoned
a. Asaf Jah, Jehangeer’s PM Shaikh summoned, No prostration, jailed
b. After 3 years of imprisonment, Jehangeer released him giving him 10000 rupees
c. He stayed 3 years in Jehangeer courts. Died on Dec 10,1024 A.D, buried in Sirhind,

“When seen in the perspective of history, whether accepted by Sufis or not, it is in the rejection of monism that Sheikh’s
claim for being the Mujadad of his age.” IH Qureshi

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“Sheikh Ahmad, an individual from Sirhind, rich in knowledge and vigorous in action. I associated him for few days and
found marvelous things in his spiritual life. He will turn into a light which will illuminate the world.” Khawaja Bakhtiar
Kaki quoted by S M Ikram

Topic 4: Movement of Reforms: Shah Walli Ullah

1) Introduction
a. Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah a.k.a. Mohadith Delvi, from 1703 DELHI – 1762, His Real name was Qutabuddin.
b. Father of Modern Muslim India
c. Son of Shah Abdur Rahim (Fatwa e Alamgeeri) – scholar of Fiqa and Islamic jurisprudence
d. Got knowledge of Fiqah, Ahadith, Tafsir and Hikmat
e. Completed study in 15 year of age
f. Went to Arabia for higher education and came back in July 1732
g. He taught at Madrasa Rahimia for 12 years
h. Aim was to Revive the past glory of Muslims and purify the society inwardly
2) Conditions
a. Incapable successor of Aurangzeb d. Shia-Sunni conflicts,
b. Un-Islamic trends, e. Marhats and Sikhs challengers
c. Muslim life honor property not secured,

3) SHAH’S EFFORTS
a. Religious work
 Translation of Holy Quran in Persian – 1738
 Commentary on Hadith collection of Imam Muttah in Arabic and Persian
 Urged Muslims to follow Holy prophet & abandon un-Islamic trends
 Trained students in different Islamic knowledge
 Recommended application of Ijtehad
 Initiated Tatbiq liberal element
 Balance b/w four schools –
 Removed misunderstanding b/w Shia & Sunni – Khilafat-al-Khulafa
b. Political work
 Marathas were threatening the Muslim empire
 Wrote letters to seek help from Muslim nobles against Sikhs  won over Najib ud Dola, Shuja ud Daula
 Ahmad Shah Abdali  defeated Sikhs at the Third battle of Panipat in 1761
c. Social work
 Strongly opposed integration of Islamic culture in subcontinent
 Concept of reorientation of Muslim society
 Basic social justice
 Removing social inequalities
d. Concept of economy
 Production of wealth  Distribution of wealth
 Consumption of wealth  Exchange of wealth
4) LITERARY WORK
a. Izalat-al-Akifa
b. Khalifa-al-Khulafa
c. Al-Insaf-fi-Bayan-Sababa-al-Ikhtilaf
d. Master piece of literature 1738
e. Commentary on Hadith Imam Muttah
f. Quranic translation in Persian
g. Alfauz-ul-Qabir Fi-Usool-e-Tafseer
h. Hujjat-ul-Balagha – about decay, Ijtehad, Mujjad and Ruler

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“I was informed through Ilham that I would have to undertake this responsibility. The time has come when every
injunction of the Sharia and instruction of Islam should be presented to the world in a rational manner.” Quoted by SM
Ikram

Topic 5: Movement of Reforms-Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi

1) Introduction
a. Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi (1786 – 1831)
b. Inheritor of mantle of Shah Abdul Aziz
c. Birth at Rai Barally in 1786
d. Father Shah Illam Ullah
e. Inspired by Shah Abdul Aziz
f. 1810 – joined Nawab Ameer Khan as Sawar
g. 1818 – wrote Seerat-e-Mustaqeem

2) Condition
a. Punjab ruled by Ranjit Singh who mutilated Muslims
b. NWFP by Sikhs

3) Objective
a. Purification of Muslim society and destruction of British power through armed struggle
b. Establishment of a state based on Islamic principles

4) Jehad Movement
a. HQ at Nowshehra in Dec 1826
b. Battles
i. OKARA 1826
ii. HAZRO 1827
c. Yar Muhammad Conspiracy
i. He joined Mujahideen in Peshawar, force arouse to 80,000
ii. Tried to poison Syed Ahmad
iii. Killed by Mujahideen in 1829
d. BATTLE FOR PESHAWAR
i. Ranjit Singh saved Peshawar and gave to Sultan Muhammad
e. HAZARA II 1830
i. Sikh were attacked, Sultan M arrested
ii. Declaration of Khilafat (1830)
f. Sultan M pardoned & withdrew from Peshawar
g. BALAKOT BATTLE 1831
h. Sikh attacked, Syed Ahmad killed

5) Causes of Failure
a. Western generals Vantura and Elite in Ranjit’s army – training & modern war strategy
b. Outdated weapons of Mujahideen
c. Financial sources of Ranjit Singh
d. Misunderstandings created by Ranjit Singh
e. Ranjit attracted Pathans by bribing them to spy, revolt & slaughter Mujahideen
f. No support for poors – Zakat collection
g. Islamic laws during war – compulsory girls & widow marriage
h. Severe punishment
i. Pathans were against Wahabisim

Compiled by M. Hasnain Khan

“The movement led by Brelvi was a precursor for later Muslim national movements of the subcontinent.” Dr. Sachin Sen

TOPIC 6:
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS-ALIGARH MOVEMENT
1) Introduction
a. The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims.
b. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their adversaries because they had ousted them
from power
c. The British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes
d. Arabic, Persian and religious education banned in schools
e. English made not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835
f. Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to revive the spirit
of progress through modern education.

2) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (17 Oct, 1817 – 27 Mar 1898)

a. Got knowledge from Farid ud Din (maternal-grandfather – Ex Mughal PM)
b. Got knowledge of Quran, Arabic, Persian, History, Maths and Medicine
c. Joined gov’t in 1839 – after father’s death – in a clerical job
 1841 – Promoted as Sub-Judge
 1846 – transferred to Delhi, Chief Judge in 1846
 was offered an estate for services rendered to British during war 1857 but he rejected
 1877 – Member of imperial council.
 1886 – University of Edinburgh – LL.D degree
 1888 – Knighthood

3) Educational Aspect of Aligarh Movement

a. Objective:
i. Modern education for Muslims to compete Hindus
ii. Cooperation with the British government
b. Schools
i. Muradabad (1859)
ii. Ghazipur (1863)
c. Scientific society at Gahazipur (1864)
i. To translate modern work from English to Urdu and Persian
ii. 1866 – Society published Aligarh Gazette (to arouse sentiments of goodwill & friendship)
d. Muhammadan Educational Conference
i. Established in 1866
 Held public meetings, discussed modern education techniques
 Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali as members
ii. 1869 – went to England, studied education system of Oxford & Cambridge
e. Anjuman-i-Taraqi-i-Musalmanan-i-Hind (1870)
i. to impart modern knowledge to Muslims
f. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
i. On pattern of Oxford
 Fund raising committee formed and 24th May, 1874, MAO High school established
 1877 – got status of college
 western, eastern and Islamic education and in 1920 – status of University

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 4) Political Aspects of Aligarh Movement
a. Muslims should avoid active politics
b. Sir Syed wrote “Risala-i-Asbab-Baghawqat-i-Hind
5) Religious Services of Aligarh Movement
a. Wrote “Essay on the Life of Muhammad & Rebattle” in response to William Muire’s objectionable
remarks in “Life of Muhammad”
b. Philosophical commentary “Tabaeen-al-Kalam” on bible – point out similarities
c. Influenced by MBA Wahab and Shah Ismail Shaheed – having positive attitude towards religion
6) Social services of Aligarh Movement
a. “Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq” criticized conservative way of life and advised to adopt new trend
b. Established Orphanage houses
c. Founded Anjuman-i-Tariki-i-Urdu (protecting Urdu)
d. Ahkam-i-Taham-i-Ahle-Kitab (Muslims can eat with Christians)
e. Pioneer of two nation theory
i. Advocate of Hindu Muslim unity
ii. Urdu Hindi controversy 1867 in Banaras, changed his views
iii. Shakespeare dialogue
7) Features of Aligarh
a. Western & Eastern Education d. European and Indian staff
b. Islamic Education e. Non-Muslim students
c. Residential College f. Loyalist Disposition
8) Aligarh Movement after Sir Syed’s death
a. 1889 – Sir Syed proposed a trustee bill
 Sir Syed as Sec. of the trust & Syed Mahmud (son) as joint sec.
b. After Sir Syed’s death (1898), Syed Mahmud as Sec.
 He was a weak manager and resigned
c. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk as new sec
 Devoted and deposited six lac Rupees to gov’t
 handled the conflict b/t two groups – Sahibzada Aftab Khan (in favor of European staff) &
Muhammad Ali Johar and he died in 1907
d. Nawab Vaqar ul Malik took over
 Tussle on European staff arouse and Nawab resigned in 1912 – health
e. Nawab Muhammad Ishaq Khan
 deposited 20 lac for status of University and 1919- college student played role in Tehrik e Khilafat
Causes of WOI 1857
f. Non representation of Indian in legislative councils
g. Conversion of Indian into Christianity
h. Mismanagement of Indian army
i. Ill-advised measure of gov’t
j. Consequence: Indian membership in Act 1861
k. 1866 – Sir Syed formed British India Association at Aligarh – to express grievances of Indians to gov’t
l. Wrote Loyal Muhammadans of India
m. Indian Patriotic Association 1888 – forum for those who did not join Congress
n. Muhammadan Political Association 1903 – Against Hindu Revivalist movements
o. Arya Smaj – Hindustan 1977
p. B G Tilak – Cow Slaughter
q. Shudhi – Shangtahn
9) Conclusion
a. Allama Iqbal: “The real greatness of the man (Sir Syed) consists in the fact that he was the first Indian
Muslim who felt the need of a fresh orientation of Islam and worked for it.”
b. Jawaharlal Nehru, “Sir Saiyad was an ardent reformer and he wanted to reconcile modern scientific
thought with religion by rationalistic interpretations and not by attacking basic belief. He was anxious to

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 push new education. He was in no way communally separatist. Repeatedly he emphasized that religious
differences should have no political and national significance”.

Topic 7:
Educational Institutions-DEOBAND
1) Introduction
a. Started at April 1866)
b. Aligarh movement was cooperating with British
c. Christians working to convert Muslims into Christianity
d. Apr 1866 – Madrasah established at Deoband
 2nd to Al Azhar Cairo
e. Founder
 Haji M. Abid floated the idea
 Collection of fund
 Managing committee – Maulana M Qasim , Maulana Fazl ur Rehman, Maulana Zulfiqar, Maulana
M Yaqoob
 Maulana Shabir A Usmani taught
f. Maulana M Qasim
 first principal
 worked devotedly
 Madrasah came to known as “Qasim al Uloom I Deoband”
g. Madrasah followed Madrasah I Rahimia (Shah Wali Ullah’s father) and British education system
h. Produced
 Shah Abdur Rahim, Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Rashid Ahmad Ganghoi, Maulana Mehmood ul Hassan

2) Political Services of Deoband

a. Jamiat Ulama I Islam
 Thanvi group
 lead by Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Shabir Ahmad Usmani
 Muslim league
b. Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind
 Madni group
 lead by Maulana Hussain Madani, Mufti Kafayat Ullah influenced by Abu-ul-Kalam Azad
 Congress
3) Educational Services of Deoband
a. A great religious Madrasah (2nd to Al Azhar)
b. Principals
 Maulana M Qasim (1880)
 Rashid Ahmad Ganghoi
 Sheikh ul Hind M. Mehmood Ul Hassan.

4) Deoband and Aligarh

a. Policy towards British
b. Political role of Muslims
c. Emphasizing area of education

5) Rapprochement with Aligarh

a. Jamiat-ul-Ansar (1906) at Deoband
 Sahibzada Aftab A Khan attended the meeting
 Swap of education – religious and western

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 b. Jamiat-i-Milia (1920)

Topic 8:
Educational Institutions-NADWA
1) Introduction
a. NADVA-TUL-ULEMA OF LUCKNOW (1894)
b. Aligarh (acquisition of western education)
c. Deoband (religious education)
d. Need for balanced school
e. Committee was formed in 1892
 Nadva-tul-Ulema established in 1894
 functioned in 1898
f. Founder
 Maulana Abdul Ghafoor
 Shibli Naumani and Mau. Abdul Haq chalked out a liberal program

2) Objectives
a. Promoting religious knowledge, moral uplift and social regeneration of Muslims, Work to
remove secretarial differences
b. British gov’t opposed the idea (Anthony MacDonal expressed it as a political institute)

3) Nadva-tul-Ulema & Shibli Naumani

a. Shibli influenced by Maulana M Farooq – opposing Sir Syed while his father influenced by Sir
Syed
b. Joined Aligarh as A Prof of Arabic in 1883
 Impressed Sir Syed
 Asset to Aligarh
 some serious differences
 Man of arrogance and sensitive and resigned in 1904
c. Associated with Nadva
 used his experience to bring reform
 gave training in writing (Syed Suleiman Nadvi, Abu-al-Kalam Aza)
d. Established academy “Dar-ul-Musanifin”
e. Differences aroused and resigned

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TOPIC 9:
IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN IN THE LIGHT OF STATEMENTS OF ALLAMA IQBAL
1) Introduction
a. The sense of nationhood developed among the Muslims before the establishment of Pakistan.
b. Their goal was mostly to protect and promote their identity.
c. To shape their lives in accord with their ideals and philosophy of life.
2) Separate Recognition of Muslims:
“India is not a country, it is a Sub-continent of human beings belonging to different languages and practicing
different religions. Muslim nation has its own religious and cultural identity.”
3) Condemnation of Western Democratic Concepts:
Western democracy is devoid of depth, it has merely an attractive outlook.
4) Concept of separate Muslim State:
“I want to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan in form of one homogenous state. Whether India gets
independences under crown or not, I think independent state of western provinces is destiny of people living there.”
5) Acclamation of Idea of Single Nation:
“I remained supporter of this idea but now I am of view that preservation of separate nationhood is useful for
Hindus and Muslims birth. To have concept of single nation in India is no doubt poetic and beautiful but impractical
regarding present circumstances.” (March, 1909, lqbal refused to address meeting held by Minvra Raj Amritsar)
6) Concept of Two Nation Theory:
“Despite living together for 1000 years, Hindus and Muslims have their own individual ideologies so the only solution
of political conflict in India is to have a separate independent parliament for each nation.”
7) Eradication of Racial & Regional Prejudices:
“Concept of nation and homeland is confusing the Muslims. That is why Islamic humane objects are becoming dim.
It is also possible that these concepts may destroy the real concepts of Islam.”
8) Explanation of Relation of Islam & politics:
“Islam does not consider matter and soul separate from each other. Allah, Universe and state all are the basic
elements of single unit. Man is not so alien that he should leave worldly affairs for the sake of religion.”
9) Islam is complete code of life:
“Islam is not the name of some beliefs and customs but it is a compete code of life. In, Europe, religion is every one’s
personal matter which divides human oneness into two opposite parts i.e. body & soul. In contrast to that in Islam,
God, Universe, soul, matter, state and religions are bound to each other or in other words Muslims are one nation”
10) Islam is a lively power:
“Islam is a lively power which frees human mind from thoughts country and race. If we understand this thing then
we can be the leaders of prominent Indian civilization.”
11) Islam is the way to success:
“The lesson which I learnt from history is that Islam always helped the Muslims. Even today, Ideology of Islam can
save your being from destruction by uniting your divided powers”.
12) Opposition of Nationalism:
“I am opposed to nationalism, not because if it is allowed to develop in India. It is likely to bring less material gain to
Muslims but because I see germs of atheistic materialism which I look upon as greatest danger to modern humanity”
13) Foundation of Pakistan:

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 “To address this session of All India Muslim League you have selected a man who is not despaired of Islam as a living
force for freeing the outlook of man from its geographical limitations who believes that religion is a power of utmost
importance in the life of individual as well as states.”

TOPIC 10:
IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN IN LIGHT OF STATEMENTS OF QUAID E AZAM
1) Introduction
a. He changed the course of history. He was a real charismatic leader possessing a visionary leadership.
b. Gave practical shape to the ideology given by Sir Syed and Allama Iqbal
2) Quaid e Azam political Life
a. He started his political career in 1906 by joining the Indian National Congress. He was elected to the
Legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he also joined the All India Muslim League (AIML).
b. Having disagreement with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self-rule), complete freedom from the British and
on using extra-constitutional means, Jinnah resigned from the Congress in 1920.
3) Jinnah and his transition from Hindu-Muslim Unity to Two Nation Theory:
a. His early efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized when LUCKNOW PACT (1916) was signed.
 Separate Electorate
 One-third Seats in Central Legislature
 protection of minority rights
b. In the Nehru Report, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah retaliated forcefully by presenting 14
Points in 1929.
c. 1935 onwards Quaid started emphasizing on separate identity of Muslim and a separate nation.
d. 1937, There are only two parties in India said Nehru on performance of ML in elections. Quaid said “Muslims
are third party in India”
e. 1939, “Muslim and Hindu are two nations. We are going to live as nation and play a role as nation.”
f. March 9, 1940, Quaid wrote his article published in British media “Time and Tide”. He discussed
1. How Hindu and Muslims are separate nations?
2. What should be future of India and how Muslims can be accommodated well?
g. He emphasized on Islam as well as modern democracy, Social economic justice and rights of minorities.
4) Pakistan as a modern Democracy:
“Pakistan was to be a modern democratic state that derived its ethical foundation from Islam where the source
of guidance and inspiration for constitution making and governance is going to be Islam”
5) Muslims as a Nation:
“It has been taken for granted mistakenly that Muslims are a minority, and of course we got used to it for such a
long time that these settled notions sometimes difficult to remove. The Muslims are not a minority; the Muslims
are a nation by every definition. By all canons of international law we are a nation.” 23rd March 1940
6) India an amalgam of cultures:
“India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a sub-continent of nationalities, Hindus and Muslims belong to the two
major nations. The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religion, philosophies, social customs and
literature. They belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and
conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that both derive their inspirations from
different sources of history” 23rd March 1940
7) Muslims as a distinctive nation
a. “We are a nation with our distinct culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, sense
of values and proportions, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendars, history and traditions. In short
we have our distinct outlook on life and of life by all canons of Intl law we are a separate nation.” 1942
b. Muslims are nation by every right to establish their homeland” 1942
8) Islam as the binding force:
a. “We should base our democracy on the principals and concepts of Islam” Feb 1942
b. “Pakistan does not mean freedom and independence only, but the Islamic ideology as well which has to be

Compiled by M. Hasnain Khan

 preserved.” June 1945
c. “I cannot understand a section of people who deliberately want to create a mischief and make propaganda
that the constitution of Pakistan will not be made on the basis of Sharia. Islamic principles today are as
applicable to life as they were 1300 years ago.” Jan 25, 1948 Eid Milad Un Nabbi Karachi Bar Association.

Compiled by M. Hasnain Khan