THE RISE AND FALL OF MUSLIMS IN THE

SUBCONTINENT

Lecture : 01
Table of contents
01 Introduction

02 Outline and Marks

Distribution

03 Discussion
 01
Conquest of Sindh
Conquest of Sindh
Islam was introduced into the southwestern part of the Subcontinent, the Malabar coast, through trade.
It was introduced into the northwestern part through an accident of history.

The conquest of Sindh, located in Pakistan, happened in stages. During the Caliphate of Omar ibn al
Khattab (r), Muslim armies approached the coast of Makran, but Omar (r) withdrew the troops in
response to reports of a harsh and inhospitable terrain.

Sindh was notorious for its pirates in those times.

The pirates of Debul looted the ships carrying the gifts sent by the Ceylon for Arab caliph. They also
attacked the ships carrying Muslim women and children who were widows and orphans of Muslim
soldiers died in Sri Lanka. This gave the Umayyad’s a legitimate cause to attack on Sindh.

Sindh gave refuge to some of the rebels of the Arabs. They were imprisoned by Raja Dahir. When Al
Hajjaj asked him for the prisoners Dahir refused to release them. This worked as oil on fire and the
campaign was decided to attack on Sindh.
Conquest of Sindh -712
During the regime of Hajaj Bin Yousaf ,governor of iraq ,also known as the Hajaj the
cruel.

In 712, Hajaj sent 6000-7000 Syrian & Iraqi soldiers under the command of his
nephew and son in law,Imad-ud-din Muhmmad Bin Qasim, a young boy of 17 years.

Qasim, first captured daibul. Then he returned towards new Hyderabad where he was
easily overwhelmed by natives.

Dahir decided to oppose the Arabs.

Kingdom: included present day Sindh, part of Afghanistan, Balochistan (including

Iranian Balochistan) and parts of Punjab. His kingdom was conquered by Muhammad
bin Qasim, an Arab general for the Umayyad Caliphate, and he was killed in a battle
near Nawabshah.(Battle of Aror).
Baluchistan – Panjgur

Panjgur – Daibul

Daibul-Bhanbore

Bhanbore- Uch fort

Uch fort – Multan

Multan – Gour Singh

The raja locked himself in the fort of Multan .

Multan was added to the Arab empire in the year 713. The new Caliph Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik had
personal dislike of Hajaj and his relatives.

Qasim was recalled to his own country.

He was arrested and sent to prison for no fault but that he was a nephew of Hajjaj. In prison Qasim
was tortured and killed.
IMPACT :

The local people who had been living a life of misery, breathed a sigh of relief.

Everyone had full religious freedom and even the spiritual leaders of local religions were given
salaries from the govt funds.

Taxes were abolished and jazia was imposed.

Number of mosques and madrassas were constructed in important cities.

The Arabs were not only great warriors but also good administrators.

Justice was admired. The qazis who were well-versed in Islamic law filled the seats of
judgments. Some cases among the Hindus were decided according to Hundu Law by Panchayts.

Arab Sheik= Sindhi Wadera.

 02
Ghaznavid dynasty -997
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni was a ruler of Afghanistan from 997 to 1030. He
was an ambitious king and so made all efforts to extend his control over far-
off regions. He extended his control over parts of Central Asia, Iran and the
northwestern part of the subcontinent. Almost every year he raided the
subcontinent targeting wealthy temples. The temple of Somnath in Gujarat
was the worst victim of his raids. Much of the wealth he carried away was
used to create a splendid capital city at Ghazni. Ghazni was fond of knowing
more about the people he conquered. He entrusted a scholar named Baruni
to write an account of the subcontinent. The al- Biruni's account, an Arabic
work titled Kitab al-Hind, is still an important source for historians.
The invasions of Mahmud Ghazni in 1000 AD: Mahmud of Ghazni for first time attacked modern
Afghanistan and Pakistan in 1000 AD. He defeated Hindu ruler Jaya Pala, who committed suicide himself
later and was succeeded by his son Anandpala.

Ghazni invaded Bhatia in 1005 AD.

Ghazni invaded Multan in 1006 AD. During this time, Ananda Pala attacked him.
Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and crushed Sukha Pala, ruler of Bhatinda in 1007 AD.
Ghazni attacked Nagarkot in the Punjab hills in 1011 AD.
Mahmud attacked the shahi kingdom under Anand Pala and defeated him in the Battle of Waihind, the
Hind shahi capital near Peshawar in 1013 AD.
Mahmud of Ghazni captured Thanesar in 1014 AD.
Mahmud of Ghazni attacked Kashmir in 1015 AD.
He attacked Mathura in 1018 AD and defeated a coalition of rulers, including a ruler called Chandra
Pala.
Mahmud conquered Kanauj in 1021 AD by defeating Kanauj King Chandella Gauda.
Gwalior was invaded and conquered by Mahmud Ghazni attacked Gwalior and conquered in 1023 AD.
Mahmud Ghazni attacked the Somnath temple in 1025 AD to loot the wealth amassed inside the temple.
Mahmud Ghaznavi died in 1030 AD due to Malaria during his last invasion
 03
Ghurid Dynasty -1192
The Ghurids were centered in the Ghor of present-day central Afghanistan, where they initially started out
as local chiefs. They gradually converted to Sunni Islam from Buddhism after the conquest of Ghor by the
Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni in 1011. The dynasty ultimately overthrew the Ghaznavid Empire
when Muhammad of Ghor conquered the last Ghaznavid principality of Lahore in 1186 from Khusrau
Malik. At their zenith, the Ghurid empire encompassed Khorasan in the west and reached northern India as
far as Bengal in the east.

the Ghuri leader overthrew the Ghaznavid Dynasty by conquering Lahore in 1186. Controlling the entire
Punjab, he pressed on, taking Delhi in 1193. The Ghurids then swept across the Gangetic Plain of northern
India. Muhammad himself conquered as far as Banaras in 1194.

Although Hinduism and Jainism were able to survive the Ghurid invasion of northern India, Buddhism
never fully recovered. It gradually began to disappear.

The Hindus had a warrior caste that could be conscripted into service, while the Jains were the major local
merchants and sources of tax.
 04
Delhi Sultanate
 SLAVE DYNASTY

01
Qutubuddin Aibak
He was slave of
Shahubdin .ghori.
He was famous =generosity
(title: Lakh Baksh).
Began the construction of
Qutub Minar to honor famous
Sufi saint.
02
Iltutmish
Slave of a slave
He started Iqta system IN Dehli.
He introduced the silver tanka .
Turkan-i-Chahalgani/ Forty.
03
Balban
Ruled after killing all the members of
Iltutmish family.
He declared himself as Zil-i-Illahi.
Means representative of God on earth.
Introduced Persian etiquettes =you
cannot laugh and joke in the court.
You have to kiss monarch’s feet
(Paibos)..
Iqta system: Iqta was a mechanism of Islamic administration which involved the collection of taxes
extracted from the peasants’ surplus and distributing it among the ruling class. Literally, Iqta means land or
land revenue assigned to an individual on certain conditions. Or assignment of land in exchange of salary.

The Corps of Forty, also known as Dal Chalisa or Turkan-i-Chihalgani, was a council of 40 faithful &loyal
mostly Turkic slave. They were also responsible for governing the sultanate’s territories, collecting taxes,
and maintaining order.

Ghyasuddin Balban(member of forty) abolish turkan i chihalgani. He did this as part of his efforts to
centralize power and assert his authority over the Turkic nobles and military officers who had previously
held significant influence in the Delhi Sultanate.
Currency :

By the 12th century Turks sultan of Delhi replaced the Arab designs with Arabic calligraphy .This currency
was referred to as Tanka and lower valued coins Jittals. The Delhi sultanate attempted to standardize this
monetary system and coins were subsequently made in gold, silver and copper.
The concept of equality in Islam and Muslim traditions reached its climax in the history of South Asia when slaves were raised
to the status of Sultan.

Muhammad Ghuri had no son so he raised thousands of slaves like his sons. Ghuri had the habit to buy every talented slave he
came across. He would then train them in the way royal children were trained. During Ghuri’s regime, slaves occupied all key
positions in the government machinery. Three favorite slaves of the Sultan were Qutb-ud-din Aibak, Taj-ud-din Ildiz and
Nasir-ud-din Qubachah. He appointed them governors of Delhi, Ghazni and Lahore, respectively.

When Ghuri died in 1206, the amirs elected Aibak as the new Sultan. Aibak first shifted his capital from Ghazni to Lahore and
then from Lahore to Delhi.

Qutb-Uddin Aibak started the construction of the famous Qutub Minar in Delhi.

He also built the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque (meaning Triumph of Islam) in Delhi.

Iltutmish, a former slave of Aibak. He separated the revenue, Law and order, and Army.

In 1236, Razia became the first female Muslim ruler of the Indian subcontinent and the only female Muslim ruler of Delhi.

Ghiyas ud din Balban ruled as the Sultan until he died in 1287. The most important institution that developed under the Slave
Dynasty was the institution of Chalgan or the Forty
Recap
ARAB INVASION – MUHMMAD BIN QASIM 712-713

TURKISH INVASION
2- MAHMMOD GHAZNVI Ghaznavid Dynasty (1001-1186).
3- MUHMMAD GHORI Ghurid Dynasty (1192-1206).

DELHI SULTANATE

a-Slave Dynasty –Qutb-ud-din Aibak ,Iltutmish,Razia Sultan & Balban

b-Khalji Dynasty -Jalal-ud-din Khalji and Alauddi.n Khalji.
 KHALJI DYNASTY

01 02

JALAL-UD-DIN KHALJI ALAUDDIN KHALIJI

Killed son of Balban (last ruler of slave dynasty). Son in law & nephew of Jalaluddin Khalji.

• Policy of tolerance • Policy of tolerance removed .

He adopted policy of tolerance and avoided
1. Administrative reforms
harsh punishments .
2. Military reforms
• Policy peace : in his view the majority of
population of India is Hindu. Hence the state 3. Revenue reforms
could not be truly Islamic state.
4. Economic reforms
Administrative Reforms:

He was strong and efficient ruler.

he restricted matrimonial relations among nobles and offices and also prohibited secret meetings and
parties.

He appointed spies to keep an eye on them and tried to confiscate their access wealth.

He prohibited wines and gambling and refrain himself from these activities.

He prevented the interference of Ulemas in administration.

Military reforms

First sultan to have permanent army paid soldiers in cash.

Chahra/Huliya : detailed description of each soldier.

Dagh: Branding of horses .

He kept spies in every unit of the army . They submitted regular reports to him about the movement of
military officials.

Revenue Reforms :

He introduced scientfic measurement of land for the assesment of land Revenue.

He imposed heavy taxes on the Sardars,Ulemas and Jagirdqars.

State demanded 50% of the products.

Economic Reforms:

Separation of departments and appointment of special officers to regulate market.

Name of Market : Saria- Adl.

Name of market regulatory authority :Diwan-i- riyast.

An officer who acted as the controller of the grain market was know as Shahana-i-Mandi. The
responsibility of officer =prepare a chart mentioning the prices of various commodities .

Harsh punishments were introduced for corrupt vendors and merchants.


01
Ghiyath-ud-din
Founder of Tughlaq dynasty
He was killed in an accident
when the stage which was
build to give them(his son) a
reception after their
victory,collapsed. Many
blame his eldest son .
Tughlaq DYNASTY
02 03
Muhmmad Bin Tughlaq Firoz Shah Tugluq
For the first time in India no one was
willing to accept power.
Most extra ordinary king .
Firoz Tughlaq a cousin brother of
He was expert in Arabic, Persian, Muhammad Tughlaq
philosophy ,astronomy and math. He
was known for his adventurous projects.
But gained little success because of his
hast nature.
Muhmmad bin Taghluq: 05 project (Failed).

1- transfer of capital

2-token currency

3-taxation in Doab

4-Khurasen Expedition

5- Qarachil Expedition.

https://homeoflearning.in/muhammad-bin-tughlaq-and-his-ambitious-
projects/.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq:

Abolished multifarious taxes- around 21

Firoz Tughlaq appointed a special officer namely Khawja Hisan-ud-Din to prepare an estimate of the public
revenue of the kingdom.

New system of taxation

‘Diwan-i-Kherat’, Dar-ul-Shafa’, ‘Sarais’ and Grants to sufferers.

The Sultan got constructed four canals, ten public baths, four mosques, thirty palaces, two hundred, Sarais’,
one hundred tombs, 30 towns and one hundred bridges.

Encouraged the practice of slavery.(Diwan-i-Bandagon.

Hindus were forced to convert .

https://www.historydiscussion.net/articles/bright-and-dark-sides-of-the-rule-of-firoz-shah-tughlaq/2688
 SAYYID DYNASTY 1414-1450

01 02 03
KHIZAR KHAN Mubarak Shah Muhmmad Shah
Timur invaded northern India, First sultan to appoint Hindu nobles in
attacking the Delhi Sultanate the court of Dehli. Defeated ruler of Malwa with the help
ruled by Sultan Nasir-ud-Din of Bahlul Lodhi and gave him title
Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the KHAN-I-KHANAN .
Tughlaq dynasty.
Appointed Lodhi =Governor of Lahore.
Later he appointed Khizar khan
the governor of Lahore ,Multan
and Dilapur.
He founded new dynasty.
 LODHI DYNASTY 1451-1526.
FIRST AFHAN DYNASTY

01 02 03
BAHLUL LODI Sikhandar Lodi Ibrahim lodhi
Ala-ud-din Shah was removed Son of Bahlul lodi. Nobles were against him .
from the throne by Bahlul Lodi in
1457 A.D. by Bahlul Lodi who He built new city : Agra. Battle of Panipat.(1526)
was the Governor of Lahore.
Destroyed temples . Babur vs Ibhrahim Lodi.
Delhi was captured by him and he
was sent to Badaun.
To gain support and recognition,
Bahlul Lodi never sat on the
throne instead, he opted to sit on
the carpet with his nobles.
 Conquest of Sindh

• Muhammad bin Qasim, who was the first Muslim to have successfully invaded Sindh in 712 AD
was commander of which caliphate: Umayyad Caliphate.

• One of the cited reasons of the expedition of Muhammad Bin Qasim on Sindh was to punish :
Pirates of Sindh

• Which of the following places on Indian coast came under the earliest attack by Arabs on India:
Thane.

• Year of Multan invasion : 713

• Which province of Pakistan is known as Bab-ul-Islam. Sindh.

• First Islamic mosque was contracted in subcontinent in: Banbhore

• Muhammad Bin Qasim died in 715 AD at the age of 20
 Ghaznavid Empire:

• Ghaznavi rule lasted in India for: 175 years

• Who was the last ruler of Ghaznavi dynasty: Khasrau Malik.

• Mahmud of Ghaznavi’s mausoleum is located in : Ghazni

• ”Yameen -ud-Dola” and ”Ameen-ud-Dolaware” names given by the Calipha of Baghdad to

Mahmud of Ghaznavi .

• Al Biruni came to India along with Mahmud Ghaznavi.

• Kitab ul Hind was written by Al Beruni.

• Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India for how many times :17 times.
 Ghurid Dynasty

• The general of Muhammad Ghori who conquered Bengal and Behar with only seventeen soldiers:
Bakhtiar Khilji.

• Second battle of Tirain was fought between Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj in : 1192(First
battle: 1191).

• When Muhammad Ghori defeated Khusrau Malik and became the king of Lahore: 1186.

• Uch sharif a historic city in Pakistan was founded by: Alexander the great.

• Muhammad Ghori established the Muslim rule in : North India.

 Delhi Sultanate
• Illtutmish issued copper coins named as Jittal .
• Which dynasty ruled of Dehli Sultanate ruled for the shortest time? Khilji Dynasty.
• Which Dynasty rules for the longest period of time in the Delhi Sultanate : Tughlaq
Dynasty.
• Alauddin Khalji introduced scientific method of measurement of land. He was also
known for introducing market control mechanism.
• Qutub-ud- din title : Lakh Baksh.
• Illutmish started Iqta System in Delhi.
• Razia Sultan was first and last women ruler of Medieval India.
• Balban took up the title of Zil-i-Ilahi means representative of God on Earth.
• Policy of tolerance started by Jalal-ud-din Khilji and abolished by Alauddin Khalji
• Khizar khan was founder of Sayyid dynasty .

Bahlul Lodi was the founder of Lodi Dynasty. Sultanate Period ended with Lodi
Dynasty.

Dagh (branding of horses) and Chahra(detailed information of each soldier were

military reforms were brought by Alaudin Khalji.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq title : Khan-i-Jahan which means true ruler.

Sikhandar Lodhi abolished tax on grain.

Sayyid dynasty ruled India after invasion of Timur.