DELHI SULTANATE

FIRST ISLAMIC INVADERS

 Mohammad Bin qasim defeated Raja Dahir of Chachch in 712 AD.

 It is very important because of indo pak relations and their relations.

Impact of Arabic Invasion

 Large number of Sindis converted to Islam.

 Many Scholars Learned Numerals, chess, Mathematics, Geometry,

grammar etc. from Indians.

 Indians learned Yunani, Geography, History, Chemistry.
 TURKS INVASION
 They were the tribe who were converted to Islam.

 They were the Martial tribes who belongs to Warriors, Merchants, Craftsmen etc.

 They settled in Iran, Afghanistan and finally came to India but before coming to India
they were Iraniced.

 The most important person was the Mohamad of ghazni (1009-1026 AD) who
invaded India for 17 times.

 He Defeated raja jaypal and in 1025AD he destroyed the somnath temple.

 Al beruni wrote Teheeq-i-Hind. Alberuni came to Varanasi to learn vedas. teheeq-i-

Hind considered as mirror of 11th century india
 SHAHABUDDIN MUHAMMAD GHORI
 He came from afghan through Bhulan pass and attacked Multan.
 He fought two important battle in battle of tarrain I (1191), he was defeated by
Pritviraj chouhan and in second battle of Tarrain 1192 AD he tasted his victory.
 He also fought with Jaichand in battle of Chandwar.
 He appointed his governors in india

1. Qutubddin Aibak in Ajmer, Lahore, later Delhi Region

2. Naziruddin Qabacha in Multan.

3. Iktyaruddin Bhaktiyar Khalji in Bengal.

 QUTB-UD-DIN-AIBAK (1206-1210A.D.)
 Muhammad of Ghori appointed Qutb-ud-din Aibak as his commander and
his rule marked the emergence of Mamaluk rule.
 In Quranic term Mamaluk means slave. He rose into power on 24th June
1206 A.D.
 He is the founder of the Mamaluk Dynasty.

1. Qutbi dynasty (1206-1211) founded by Qutbuddin Aibak.

2. First Ilbari dynasty (1211- 1266) founded by Iltutmish

3. Second Ilbari dynasty (1266-1290) founded by Balban.

 ACHIEVEMENTS
 He prevented Ala-ud-din Muhammad, the Shah of Khwarizm from occupying
Ghazni and Delhi.
 He prevented the Rajputs from recovering their territories.
 He defeated Ali Mardan Khan of Bengal, Qubacha and Yalduz.
 Quwat-ul-lslam mosque at Ajmer was built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
 He also built Dhai Dinka Jhonpara mosque at Delhi.
 He began the construction of Qutb Minar at Delhi.
 He was also known as Lakh Bash (Giver of Lakhs) for his generosity.
QUWAT-UL-LSLAM AND ADHAI DINKA JHONPRA
MOSQUE
 ILLTUTMISH
 He was born in the Illbari tribe of Central Asia.

 He was sold as slave to Qutb-ud-din-Aibak.

 He killed Aram Shah, the son of Aibak and became king in 1211A.D.

 He built the Turkish Kingdom in North India and Made Delhi capital.
 He captured Bhakkar and brough Bengal under his control.

 He put down the revolt of the the Khilji Maliks of Bengal in 1230 A.D.
 ILLTUTMISH
 He declined to give shelter to Jalal-ud-din Mangabarni, the Shah

of Khwarizm
 Iltutmish recaptured Ranthambore, Mandor and also Udaipur.

 Iltutmish re-established his power over Badaun, Kanauj, Benaras

and Katchar-the doab region between the Ganga and the Yamuna
 Qutb Minar was built in honour of Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutb-ud-din

Baktiyar Kaki
QUTUB MINAR
 NOBILITY IN SULTAN
 First time in India a huge influx of nobles took places.
 The important names is the Chalisa – The Fourty Nobles. They were also called
as Turkani-i-chahalgani. this was made by Illtutmish.
 Also came with them the orthodox Islamic Scholars called ULEMA
 Along with chalisa the iltudmish managed his empire.
 Iltutmish sent Mansur to the khalifa to get recognized as a Islamic ruler in asia.
 The most important thing done by him was the introduction of IQTADARI
SYSTEM.
 ADMINISTRATION
 Iqta is a measure of land

 Each iqta was further divided in to shiq, shiqs in to parganas and parganas

into Gaons.
UNIT INCHARGE
Iqta Iqtadar
Shiq Shiqdar
Pargana Amil
Gaon Chowdhury
 ADMINISTRATION
 He appointed various ministers.
MINISTERS RESPONSIBILITY
Majlis-i-Khalwat The cabinet of sultan

Wazir Prime minister and Finance

Meer- i- insha Correspondence and Letters (MEA)

Meer-i-Arz Army administration

Qazi-ul-qazat Chief Justice

Sadr-us-sudar Religious endowment to Madrassa

 CONTRIBUTION OF ILLTUTMISH
 Iltutmish set up Iqtas under Iqtadars. Iltutmish army was maintained by Chahalgan
or ‘A Corps of Forty’(Chalisa) .

 He was the first Turkish ruler to introduce Arabic coinage.

 Tanka – silver coin, weighed 175 mgs and had an Arabic inscription on it.

 Jital – Copper coin and it was introduced by Iltutmish.

 CONTRIBUTION OF ILLTUTMISH
 He build colleges

1. Nasria Madaraza

2. Musiya Madarasa

 He constructed Wells

1. Gandak ki baoli

2. Hauz-e-Shamshi

 He completed the Qutub minar.

WELLS CONSTRUCTION
 SULTANA RAZIA BEGAM
 Raziah was the first woman ruler of Sultanate period.

 She defeated and killed Firoz Shah who ascended the throne after the death of Iltutmish.

 She successfully restored the prestige of the Turkish Kingdom in India.

Her rule ended in 1240A.D. because of a conspiracy by the Turkish

nobles.

 The successors of Raziah the naziruddin shah was weak and hence Gyassudin Balban
rose to power in 1265A.D.

 Successors of Raziah was Bahram Shah 1240-1242A.D, Alaud-din Masid 1242-1246A.D.

Nasir-ud-din Mahmud 1246 -1264A.D
 BALBAN
 Balban, an llbari Turk became the ruler in 1265A.D. He believed in the Divine Right
Theory of Kingship. He claim himself to be from Afrasia Dynasty. Assumed zill-e-ilahi
Title (Shadow of God)

 He introduced Poibos- a form of salutation to the king by kissing his feet in the court.

 According to Lanepoole, “Balban, a slave, water carrier, huntsman, general, statesman

and Sultan-is one of the most striking figures among the notable men in Kings of Delhi”.

 Balban curtailed and destroyed the ‘Corps of Forty’. He introduced a well organized spy
system.

 A separate military department called Diwan-i-arz was established.

 BALBAN
Divine right Theory
 The ruler was considered as a representative of God on earth.
 Balban suppressed Tughril Khan, who declared his independence and recovered
Bengal.
 Balban was a great patron of learning
 He patronized Amir Khusrau who is called as the ‘Parrot of India’ and Amir Hasan.

End of Balban
 He was shocked when his son Mahmud was killed during an encounter with the
Mongols. He died in 1287A.D.
 END OF MAMLUK DYNASITY
 Kaiqubad, grandson of Balban succeeded him who was incompetent.

 Kayumar, the infant son of Kaiqubad was made as the ruler,

 Jalal-ud-din Khilji became the regent of the infant king.

 Later he became the ruler of Delhi by killing Kaiqubad and Kayumar.

 REASON FOR KHALJI REVOLT
 Khalji was not Pure Turks. The considered themselves as non turks.

 They were willing to prove that the state power was not monopolized to

turks
 They have a very heavy expansionary policy.

 New administrative experiments by Alauddin Khalji was been made

 Khalji never believed in Power center rather so he acted above Ulema

and Umrah.
 KHILJI DYNASTY
 It was the second dynasty of Delhi Sultanate who came from Central Asia.

 In course of time they adopted the Khura Sanian's urbane culture and certain Afghan custom and
social traditions from Ghaznavids.

 Therefore, the court of Khiljis was of multi-ethnical background with people of Persian, Indian,
Arab and Turkish origin.

 This marked an end to the monopolization of power and racial dictatorship by Ilbari Turks.

 The Khiljis served under the Ilbari dynasty of Delhi. Malik Firuz was the founder of the Khilji
Dynasty who was originally the Ariz-I-Mumalik.

 He took advantage of the political vacuum that was created due to the incompetence of the
successors of Balban. On June 13, 1290, Malik Firuz ascended the throne of Delhi as Jalal-ud-din
Firuz Khilji.
 JALAL UD DIN FEROZ KHILJI 1290-1296
He was the founder of Khilji Dynasty. He was also called as “Clemency
Jalal-uddin” as he followed peace and wanted to rule without violence.

Domestic Policies of Jalal-ud-din Firoz Khilji

 He suppressed Malik Chhajju’s revolt at Kara
 He appointed Ala-ud-din Khilji as the Governor of Kara. Alauddin was his
son-in-law and also nephew.

Mongol Invasion
 In 1292 A.D. Jalal-ud-din defeated the Mongols who had come up to Sunam.
 JALAL UD DIN FEROZ KHILJI
Sources
 Tabqat –e- Nazri till Nazuridin shah it was Minhaj-us- siraj.

 Tarikh-i-Feroshahi by ziyasuddin barni, he was a non state sponsored.

Amir Khusro lived in this era

 Muftah ul futooh was the Khusros work in jalaluddin khalji

Expansionary policy

 Sent nephew allaudin khalji beyond vindyas

 He invaded devagiri in south and defeated the ramchandra dev

End of Jalal-ud-din

 Jalal-ud-din was treacherously murdered by Ala-ud-din Khilji his son-in-law.

 Jalal-ud-din’s policy of peace was not liked by many.

 ALAUDDIN KHILJI (1296-1316)
In 1296 A.D. Ala-ud-din Khilji succeeded Jalal-ud-din Firoz Khilji and ascended the throne.

Invasions in the North

 Ala-ud-din Khiliji’s generals namely, Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan conquered Gujarat.

 He captured Ranthambore and killed Hamir Deva its ruler.

 He also captured Malwa, Chittor, Dhar, Mandu, Ujjain, Marwar, Chanderi and Jalor.

Invasions in the South

 He was the first Sultan who attacked South India.

 He sent his confidante and general Malik Kafur against the rulers of the south.

 Prataparudra-II of Warangal, Ramachandra Deva the Yadava king of Devagiri, and Vira Ballala-III the Hoysala king
Veera and sundara of pandya were defeated.

 He constructed a mosque in Rameswaram. South kingdom accepted his suzerainty.

 CULTURAL CONTRIBUTION
 Ala-I-darwaza

1. second true arch in India.

2. Horse shoe shaped.

 Jammat Khana Mosque

1. it has a pure Islamic style construction

 Siri fort

 Alia Minar

 Hause-e-Alae later Rebuild in to Hauz Khas by Ferozshah Tughlaq.

CULTURAL CONTRIBUTION
CULTURAL CONTRIBUTION
JAMMAT KHANA MOSQUE
 ALAUDDIN KHILJI (1296-1316)
 His original name was Ali Gurshup.
 He ruled india for almost 20 years
 He is known for his ground breaking reforms in India which includes

1. Military reforms

2. Expansionary Policy

3. Market Control Policy

4. Turn Coat policy

5. Cultural Development
 DOMESTIC AND MILITARY POLICIES
 Ala-ud-din successfully resisted the Mongol invasion more than 12 times.

 He introduced four ordinances to prevent repeated revolts.

 He impounded pious grants and free grants of lands. He banned social

parties and wine. He introduced a permanent standing army in delhi.

 He started the system of branding of horses (Dagh) and Chehra

descriptive roster of individual soldiers to inhibit corruption.

 He introduced face description to prevent the corruption in army.
 EXPANSIONARY POLICY
 Attack on Gujrat

 Attack on Ranthambore fort

1. The raja of those time was Rana hamir Dev

2. Kusro Recorded women committing Jouhar (Sati)

 Attack on chittor fort

1. Raja of that time was Rana rattan singh

2. kushro said that the beauty of the city is much as seventh heaven

(Shurdas) of the world.

3. Malik Mohammad jayasi work on padmavat which was written 100 years

later depict the love story between Allauddin and Padmini

 DOMESTIC AND MILITARY POLICIES
 His soldiers were paid in cash and the group was divided in to 10s 100s

and 1000s
 He fixed the prices of necessary commodities which were below the

normal market rates. He strictly prohibited black marketing.

 Revenue was collected in cash and not in kind.

 He followed discriminatory policies towards the Hindus and imposed

the Jizya, a grazing tax and a house tax on the Hindu community.
 MARKETING SYSTEM
Marketing System
 Officers called Diwan-i-riyasat were appointed in the offices called Shahana-i-
mandi to standardize the market.
 Merchants should have to register themselves in the office (Shahana-i-mandi)
before selling their goods at the fixed rates.

Ala-ud-din-Khilji’s Estimate
 He was the first to bring the standing army system.
 He constructed Alai Darwaza, the Palace of a thousand pillars and the Fort of Siri.
 REVENUE ADMINISTRATION
 lands were measured and karaj was made 50%.
 In Islamic world there are four types of taxes collected

1. karaj – land Revenue

2. kham – War booty

3. jizya – money collected from non muslims

4. Jakas – money collected from muslim persons for Charity

 He crushed the intermediaries

 iqtatadari system became loose because of centralized schemes.

 TURN COURT POLICY
How to control the Umrah.
 Allaudin Khalji was a autocratic ruler

 Made them poor by cutting the iqtadari system.

 He found that the conspiracy was mainly in social gathering

where they drank and so he banned the social gathering
 He also banned marriages between umrah families without the

consent of the sultan.

 AMIR KHUSRO
 He was a follower of sufi saint Nizamuddin Aulia
 He served under 5 sultanates.
 He was also been known as Toot-e-Hind (Parrot of India)
 He made three Ragams yaman, Ghora, Sanam.
 He was said to be the founder of Sitar.
 He patronized the Qawwali system.
 He was been believed to be the first Urdu poet.
 END OF DYNASTY
Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah (1316-1320 A.D.)

Nasir-ud-din Khusrav Shah (1320A.D.)

 Successors of Ala-ud-din-Khilji were weak rulers.
 He abolished the Dagh, chehra and strengthened Iqta.
 Market control was withdrawn. And he declared himself caliph
 Eventually, in 1320 A.D. the Governor of Punjab Ghazi Malik led a group of nobles,
conquered Delhi and captured the throne.
 Ghazi Malik assumed the name ‘Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq’ at Delhi and founded the
Tughluq Dynasty, a dynasty of rulers
 TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
Important Rulers

1. Ghyassudin Tughlaq – 1320-1325 (4 years)

2. Mohammad Bin Tughlaq – 1325-1351 (26 years)

3. Ferozshah Tughlaq – 1351- 1388 (37 Years)

 GHIYAS UD DIN TUQLAK OR GHAZI MALIK
Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq or Ghazi Malik was the founder of the Tughluq
dynasty. He is from a humble origin.

Domestic and Foreign Policies

 Ghiyas-ud-din reinstated order in his empire. He gave more importance to postal
arrangements, judicial, irrigation, agriculture, and police.
 In 1320A.D. he ascended the throne. He brought Bengal, Utkala or Orissa, and
Warangal under his control
 The Mongol leaders who invaded North India were seized and confined by him.
 GHIYAS UD DIN TUQLAK
 His actual name was Ghiyas Malik

 He reversed the rest of his policy. He constructed the Tughlaqbad fort in delhi

 He Reduced karaj revenue to 33% from 50%.

 MUHAMMAD-BIN-TUGHLUQ.
 In 1325 A.D. Ghiyas-ud-din was crushed to death while attending an event for his
victories in Bengal.

 Junakhan, the crown prince succeeded him. In 1325 A.D. Junakhan, the crown prince
sworn the title Muhammad-bin-Tughluq.

 Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq stood upright for administrative and political unity of India.

 In 1327 A.D. he captured Warangal. He was a secular person and celebrated Hindu
festivals even appointed them as revenue officers.

 Jin prabha suri a jain monk and ibn battutta author of Kitab ul rahla belongs to his period

 Ibn Battuta appointed as Quasi and sent as ambassador to china.

 DOMESTIC POLICIES
 To fill the empty treasury, he raised taxes in the Doab region.
 Many people ran away to the forests to avoid heavy taxes due to which cultivation
was neglected and severe food shortage occurred.
 He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri to protect his capital and ordered the
common people and government officials to shift to Devagiri, after many
difficulties he ordered them to return to Delhi.
 He introduced the brass currency system.
 The value of coins dropped; hence he had to withdraw the copper token currency.
 Kharosan plan and Karachi revolt was most important
 DOMESTIC POLICIES
 To Conquer Khorasan , Iraq, And Tranoxiana (Uzbekistan, Tajilistan, Kyrgyzkastan
And Kazakhstan) He Raised An Army Of 3,70,000 Men.
 Mohammed-bin-tughluq’s National Treasure Had A Great Burden Due To The Policy
Of Huge Presents Given To Tamashirin, The Mongol Leader In Order To Avoid
Mongol Invasion.
 Mohammed-bin-tughluq’s Domestic Policies Were Good But Due To The Out Of
Action Measures They Failed.
 The Decline Of The Delhi Sultanate Is Claimed Due To His Makings Of Hasty
Decisions And Out Defective Rules.
 FIROZ TUGHLUQ 1351-1358 AD
In 1351A.D. Firoz Tughluq was the son of of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq’s younger brother. He
succeeded the throne.

Administrative Reforms

 He withdrew all Taquavi (agricultural) loans granted by Mohammed-bin-Tughluq. He raised the

salary of the revenue officers. He brought to an end to all un lawful and unjust taxes.

 He collected four important taxes such as

 Kharaj- 1/10 of the produce of the land

 Khams- 1/5 of the war booty

 Jizya-Poll Tax

 Zakat-Tax on Muslims for specific religious purposes

 AS WELFARE KING
 He constructed 150 wells, 100 bridges, and 50 dams, and also dug many

irrigation canals.
 He constructed towns like Firozabad Hissar, Jaunpur, and Fatehabad.

 Firoz banned all kinds of damages and torture.

 He levied Jizya on the Brahmans.

 He established hospitals (Dar-ul-shafa), Marriage Bureau, (Diwani-i-

kherat) an Employment Bureau, and widow home.

 He also extablished Diwan-i-lstibqaq to give financial aid to the poor.
 FOREIGN POLICY
Foreign Policy
 Firoz Tughluq surrounded Bengal in 1353 A.D. and 1359A.D.

 He seized Jainagar and He devastated the Jagannath Temple at Puri.

An Estimate
 Firoz proved his prominence by His generous measures and contributions to the affluence of the people.

 Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi is an autobiography of Firoz Tughluq.

 He patronized scholar Zia-ud-din Barani.

 During his reign a number of Sanskrit books on medicine, science and arts were translated into Persian.

 Kutab- Feroz Shahi – a book which dealt with Physics

 RELIGIOUS POLICY
 Started collecting Jizya from all sect of Non Muslims

 Attacked hindu temples like Jwala Devi in Himachal.

 Baned female entry in to shrines of Sufi saints

 Tried to ban some muslim festivals lole shabib –i-Raat.

 Burnt a brahman alive to have tried to convert a muslim to Hinduism

(Brahmahatya)
 END OF TUQLUK DYNASTY
 The successors of Firoz were not very strong and powerful.

 His successors were

1. Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq Shah II

2. Abu Bakr Shah,

3. Nasir-ud-din Mohammed Tughluq

 By the end of the 14th century, most of the territories became independent.. Only Punjab and Delhi remained

under the Tughluqs.

 Timur invasion took place during the Tughlug period. The fabulous wealth of Hindustan attracted Timur the

ruler of Samarqand.

 During the period of Nasir-ud-din Mohammed Tughluq he invaded India. In 1398 A.D. Timur, he captured Delhi

and caused annihilation by pillaging and slaughtering people.

 SAYYID DYNASTY
 Khizr Khan (1414- 1421 A.D.) He was the founder of Sayyid Dynasty. He did not
swear any royal title.
 He was the Governor of Multan. He took advantage of the disordered situation in
India after Timur’s invasion.
 In 1414 A.D. he occupied the throne of Delhi. He brought parts of Surat, Dilapur,
and Punjab under his control.
 But he lost Bengal, Deccan, Gujarat, Jaunpur, Khandesh and Malwa.
 In 1421 he died.
 Mubarak Shah Khizr Khan’s son succeeded him.
 SAYYID DYNASTY
Mubarak Shah (1421-1434A.D.)
 Mubarak Shah crushed the local chiefs of the Doab region and the Khokhars. He is first Sultan ruler to appoint Hindu

nobles in the court of Delhi.

 He constructed “Mubarakbad” City on the banks of the river Jamuna. Muhammad Shah Mubarak’s nephew succeeded

him.

Muhammad Shah (1434-1445 A.D.)

 He defeated the ruler of Malwa with the help of Bahlul Lodi the Governor of Lahore.

 He conferred Bahlul Lodi with the title Khan-i-Khanan for helping in defeating the ruler of Malwa. Later Ala-ud-din Shah

succeeded him.

Ala-ud-din Shah (1445-1457 A.D.)

 He was a weak ruler. In 1457 A.D. Bahlul Lodi the Governor of Lahore captured Delhi and made Ala-ud-din Shah to step

down from the throne and sent him to Badaun. In 1478 A.D. Ala-ud-din Shah died in Badaun.
 LODI DYNASTY (1451 -1489 A, D.)
 Bahlul Lodi Bahlul Lodi was the founder of Lodi Dynasty.

 The Lodi Dynasty is the last ruling dynasties of the Sultanate period.
 He was a wise statesman who knew his limits. He took various measures to
gratify his nobles.
 He conquered Etawa, Gwalior, Mewat, Sakit, and Samthal.
 He died in 1489 A.D.
 Bahlul Lodi was a wise ruler, he never sat on the throne and he used to sit on the
carpet in front of the throne with his nobles to gain their recognition and support.
 POLITICAL HISTORY
Sikandar Shahi (1489-1517 A.D.)
 Sikandar Shahi was the son of Bahlul Lodi. He swore the title Sikandar Shah
and ascended the throne.
 He set up a well-organized spy system. He developed agriculture and industry.
 He was an orthodox Muslim. He put severe restrictions on the Hindus.
 Sikandar Shah enjoyed “Shehnai” Music.
 A work on music names “Lahjati-Sikandar Shahi” was created during his reign.
 POLITICAL HISTORY
Ibrahim Lodi
 Ibrahim Lodi succeeded Sikhandar Lodi. He was an intolerant and adamant ruler

 He had humiliated many nobles and killed some nobles cruelly.

 He also treated his son Dilwar Khan Lodi cruelly.

 Daulat Khan, the most powerful noble of Punjab, who was discontented with
Ibrahim Lodhi, invited Babur the ruler of Kabul to invade India.

 Babur invaded India and defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526
A.D.