Dengan nama Allah yang maha pemurah

lagi maha penyayang..

Ya Tuhanku, lapangkanlah dadaku dalam menjalankan
tugasku, bukalah simpulan lidahku supaya muridku
memahami setiap perkataanku.
 TOPIC 2
FIRE SAFETY &
PREVENTION SYSTEM

“PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE”

 Sub Topic

Source of fire
Spreading of fire
Fire Prevention system
Types of extinguisher
Rules determined by JBPM & UBBL
Fire prevention procedures
Escape route
Fire appliances symbols in building plan
 Objectives of Fire safety

Building occupant & user safety

Materials and property protection
Building functional safety
 Fire Safety & Prevention

Fire Safety

Fire Fire
Prevention Protection

Education & House

Engineering Enforcement Maintenance Active Passive
Training keeping
 Elements of Fire Prevention

B u il d in g d e s ig n -
p r o t e c t io n o f lo a d b e a r in g s t r u c t u r e ,
f i r e c o m p a r t m e n t a t io n ,
e s c a p e d is t a n c e s a n d r o u t e s ,

M anagem ent -
h o u s e k e e p in g , o r g a n is a t io n , lim it a t i o n o f f ir e lo a d in g s , w a s t e s , e t c
r e v ie w o f f ir e r is k a s s e s s m e n t s , m o d if i c a t io n s t o b u ild in g s , p l a n n i n g c o n s e n t a n d f ir e a u t h o r i t y a p p r o v a l,
f i r e d r ills , in s t r u c t io n & t r a in i n g f o r b u ild in g u s e r s

F ir e d e t e c t io n & a la r m s y s t e m s -
m a n u a l o r a u t o m a t ic d e t e c t i o n ,
t y p e s o f a la r m , s ig n a g e , e m e r g e n c y lig h t in g

F ir e f ig h t in g s y s t e m s -
e x t in g u is h e r s , h o s e - r e e l s , s p r in k le r s , c a r b o n d io x id e & h a lo n
 Basic of fire

12

Fire can be define as :

“ A chemical reaction that occurs when a

flammable material and oxygen comes
into contact with a heat source or
ignition ”

Dr Seri Bunian 06/14/2021

 Fire Triangle
13

Fires start when a flammable and/or a combustible

material, in combination with a sufficient quantity of
an oxidizer such as oxygen gas or another oxygen-
rich compound, is exposed to a source of heat or
ambient temperature above the flash point for the
fuel/oxidizer mix, and is able to sustain a rate of
rapid oxidation that produces a chain reaction.

Sesiapa yang percaya dan berharap akan pertemuan dengan tuhannya, hendaklah ia
mengerjakan amal yang soleh (Surah Al Kahfi : 110)
06/14/2021
 Spreading of fire

14

Fire is spread by three methods:

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

Dialah yang disembah, dan kepadaNya lah diminta pertolongan. (Surah Al Fatihah:5)
06/14/2021
Conduction
15
Spread of heat energy through solids

 Some materials, such as metal can absorb heat readily and

transmit it to other rooms by conduction, where it can set fire to
combustible items that are in contact with the heated material.

Patutkah berlaku sebarang syak tentang wujudnya Allah, yang mencipta langit dan bumi ?
(Surah Ibrahim : 10)
06/14/2021
 Convection

16

 Fire and smoke spread by convection is the most dangerous and

causes the major proportion of injuries and deaths.

 Heat transfer through a fluid or gas, involving expansion and

movement

 When fire starts in an enclosed space such as a building, the

smoke rising from the fire becomes trapped by the ceiling.

 The smoke will pass through any holes or gaps in the walls,
ceiling and floor into other parts of the building. The heat from
the fire gets trapped in the building and the temperature rises.

Dr Seri Bunian 06/14/2021

 17

Dr Seri Bunian 06/14/2021

Radiation
18
Any material close to a fire will absorb the heat
until the item starts to smoulder and then burn.
Radiation is transmission of heat through the air
by rays.
The heat may be radiated in all directions,
horizontally as well as vertically.
 Fuels too close to intense heat can be ignited even
if they are not in contact by flame.

Dan Ingatlah! Aku tidak menjadikan jin dan manusia melainkan untuk mereka menyembah
dan beribadah kepadaKu (Surah Az Zaariyaat: 56) 06/14/2021
 Causes of fires

Arson
Discarded cigarettes and matches
Faulty plant & equipment
Flammable liquids & materials storage & use
Hot processes
Heating & electrical appliances
Improper wiring system
Combustible wastes
 Fire Controlling Method

Starving Smoothering Cooling

• To derive/ • To control • To reduce
exclude the oxygen from temperature of
fuel in fire helping the fire fire or burning
• Suitable at burning process
early stages or • Medium : dry • Medium :
small fire powder, foam water
Classification of Fires
 Reinforcement Activity

What is Fire Triangle?

List 3 method of fire spreading?

List 3 method of fire controlling?

4 classification of fire?
 Passive Protection System

Elements in building structure that can be function on its own

or by human handling in control fire and smoke spreads.

Includes :
- Partition/ segmentation
- Exit Route
- Building structure elements
- Fire resistance construction
materials
 Partitioning / Segmentation

To divide any parts of building by using structures such as

wall, slab and roofing.

Purposes of partition :
 To control, prevent, stop or to minimize / slowing the
spread of fire, heat and smoke during fire.
 As a protection for the FD in fighting fire
 As a protection for building users in saving life during fire
 To evacuate the high risk area.
 Types of partitions

Party wall
Wall divider
Floor partitioning
Fire rated door
Fire rated door
 Exit Route

Structure in building that helps user run off on its

own to the save place during fire
 Exit Route

 Structure in building that helps user run off on its own to the save place
during fire

 Divided in to 3 types :
 Horizontal exit route – Protected lobby & protected corridor
 Vertical exit route – from upper to lower level of building ; staircase
 Final exit route – direct exit route that lead to open safe place or
gathering area.
 Active Protection System

 Various systems installed in building in detecting,

controlling, and extinguishing fire.

Water based fire extinguisher :

 Sprinkler system
 Dry riser system
 Wet riser system
 Hose reel system
 Fire hydrant
Gases extinguisher
Carbon dioxide system
Halon system

Alarming System :
Fire alarm panel
Heat detector
Smoke detector
Brake glass & fire alarm

Small fire extinguisher

Portable fire extinguisher
Fire Blanket
 Sprinkler System

 Intended to detect, control

and extinguish a fire, and
warn the occupants of
occurrence of fire.

 The installation comprises

fire pumps, water storage
tanks, control valve sets,
sprinkler heads, flow
switches, pressure switches,
pipe work and valves.
 Sprinkler System

 The system operates

automatically without
human intervention.
 The sprinkler head has
a mercury filled glass
bulb that breaks due to
the heat of the fire and
release water that
sprays over fire.
Sprinkler System
 Wet Riser System

Wet
 risers are a form of internal hydrant for the fireman to use and are always charged with water.

It
 includes a system of valves and pipework which are kept permanently charged with water.

Wet
 risers will be found in buildings over 60 metres above ground level
 Wet Riser System

Wet
 riser system comprises duty fire pumps with standby pump discharging into
riser pipe with landing valves at each level and to jet at the fire.

A
 jockey pump is usually provided to maintain system pressure.
 Dry Riser System

 A Dry Riser is a system of valves

and pipework which enables the
Fire Service to pump water on to
the upper floors of a building.

 Dry risers are normally dry and

depend on the fire engine to pump
water into the system.

Dry risers will be found:

 In buildings over 18 metres above
ground level
 in low level buildings where there
are excessive distances from
entrances (60m)
 Dry Riser System

 Comprises a riser pipe with

landing valves at each floor
and to rubber-lined hose
with nozzles can be
connected to direct the
water jet at the fire.

 Breeching inlet into which

the firemen pump water are
provided at ground level
and connected to the
bottom of the dry risers.
 Wet Riser VS Dry Riser

Dry and wet risers use by the Fire Brigade or other trained personnel to provide or
delivering considerable quantities of water to extinguish or to prevent the spread of fire
in a building.

Wet riser Dry riser

Maintained with the pipes kept full
of water available either direct
from a storage tank, via a booster
pump, or fed directly from the
towns main water supply.
Pipe always charged with water
Comprises a fire brigade
connection which water can be
pumped from the fire engines
pump to the firefighters’ fire hose
attachments on each floor.
Pipe is maintained empty of water

Buildings over 60 metres Buildings over 18 metres or low

level buildings
 Hose Reel System

• Hose reel system is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages
of a fire & to supply water directly nearest to fire location.
• Comprises hose reel pumps, fire storage tank, hose reels, pipe work and
valves.
 Fire Detection & Alarm System

 Fire detectors are designed to detect one or more of the three

characteristics of fire – smoke, heat and flame.

 Every fire detection system must include manual call point

(break glass), so that in the event of fire, help can be called
immediately.

 During a fire, activation of an alarm is to arouse the attention of

the occupants so that evacuation can be carried out without
causing harm to the occupants.
 Smoke Detector
 A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke,
typically as an indicator of fire.
 Smoke detector

 Smoke detectors typically

housed in a disk-shaped
plastic enclosure about 150
mm(6 in) in diameter and 25
mm (1 in) thick.

 Sensitive alarms can be used

to detect, and thus deter,
smoking in areas where it is
banned such as toilets and
schools.
 Smoke Detector
 Smoke detectors in large
commercial, industrial, and
residential buildings are usually
powered by a central fire alarm
system, which is powered by the
building power with a battery
backup.

 In smaller unit of residential, a

smoke alarm is often powered
only by a single disposable
battery.
 Heat Detector

 A heat detector is a fire alarm device

designed to respond when the
convected thermal energy of a fire
increases the temperature of a heat
sensitive element.

 The thermal mass and conductivity

of the element regulate the rate flow
of heat into the element.

 All heat detectors have this thermal

lag. Heat detectors have two main
classifications of operation, "rate-of-
rise" and "fixed temperature."
Heat Detector
 Portable Fire Extinguisher

Water Extinguishers

 Red body ; Suitable for use on Class

A Fires, wood and paper etc. Not
suitable for combustible liquids,
cooking fats etc.

 Not safe to use on fires involving

electricity; Extinguishes by cooling
Foam Extinguishers

 Cream body (Old type) or Red Body

with Cream label.

 Suitable for Class A and B Fires. Not

suitable for use on fires involving
electricity.

 Extinguishes by cooling and sealing

the surface of a burning liquid.
Dry Powder Extinguishers

 Blue tank or red tank with blue

label.

 To use for class A, B, C fire and

electrical hazard

 Works by chemically interfering

with the combustion reaction
Carbon dioxide [CO2]
Extinguishers

 Black body (Old type) or red

body with black label (New
type).

 Best on Class B and C fires but

safe to use on fires involving
electricity

 Extinguishes by reducing
oxygen levels and cooling.
 Fire Blanket

A fire blanket is a safety device designed to extinguish small fires. It consists

of a sheet of fire retardant material which is placed over a fire in order to
smother it.

Small fire blankets

Use in kitchens/ home
Made of fibreglass
Folded in to a quick-release container for ease of storage.

Larger fire blankets

Use in laboratory and industrial situations
Made of wool, sometimes treated with a flame retardant fluid
Mounted in vertical quick-release cabinets so that they can be easily pulled
out and wrapped round a person whose clothes are on fire.
 Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) 1984

 UBBL is a published document, which is used as a required safety

standard and is emphasized by the government. It divided into 9
main section.

 Section 7 - Fire Requirements and Section 8 - Fire Alarm, Fire

Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access.

 UBBL also have a 10 schedule for format calculation and preparation.

 Example :
 7th schedule - maximum length route (to measure the length of exit
route in building for different types of building)
 Fire Services Act 341 : 1988
 Implemented to make necessary provision for the effective
and efficient functioning of the Fire Services Department

 Also for the protection of persons and property from fire

risks and other purposes connected therewith.

 This Act explains the duties of the Fire Service Department

and consists of implementing fire prevention, fire safety
inspection and fire hazard abatement, investigation and
prosecution.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Codes & Standards

 NFPA is an international non-profit organization which is

authorized on fire, electrical and building safety.

 It serves as the world’s leading advocate in fire prevention and is an

authoritative source for information on fire safety.

 The Building Code and Regional Fire Code Development

Committees provide representative input to the NFPA’s codes and
standards

 They have helped develop about 300 codes and standards which are
used in every building, process, service, design and installation in
many countries.
 Graphic symbols
Doors – Fire Resisting
Fire Extinguishers – Hose Reel
Fire Extinguishers – Water
Fire Extinguishers – Foam
Fire Extinguishers –
Dry Powder
Fire Extinguishers –
Carbon Dioxide
Fire Extinguishers –
Fire Blanket
Fire Alarm – Call Point
Fire Alarm – Audible
Warning Device
Automatic Fire Alarm -
Heat detector
Automatic Fire Alarm -
Smoke detector
Emergency Lighting Points
Fire Exit Sign
 Reinforcement Activity

Form a group of 5 members

Analyze and plan an emergency exit route for given

floor plan

Suggest a suitable fire protection system that can be

used in different rooms by using the right symbols

Present your complete floor plan

The End