Movies often use structure fires to tell compelling stories of a character’s bravery, but

the truth is that fire behaves far differently in real life than it does on the big screen. Fire
is a dangerous force, leading to the destruction of property and death every year. A
proper understanding of the nature of fire is necessary for learning how to best control it
during moments of crisis. 

Your business should understand some basic fire dynamics so you can be better
prepared in the event of a fire. Knowing how fire behaves is one of the first steps in
keeping employees safe as well as the first responders who put their lives on the line to
protect your building and the people within. 
What Is Fire Dynamics?
Fire dynamics brings together several disciplines to better understand the nature of fire.
These include chemistry, material science, fire science, mechanical engineering, fluid
mechanics and heat transfer. The goal of fire science is to determine how each of these
aspects of a fire’s circumstances impacts or influences its behavior. Fire dynamics is the
study of how fires begin, grow and evolve over time. 

Learning more about fire dynamics is useful for the following reasons:

 It can help authoritative safety organizations learn more about the nature of fire
and share this information with the public. 
 It can stimulate conversations about safety protocol and how to handle fire. 
 It can help manufacturers build more fire-resistant and fire-retardant building
products. 
 It helps businesses achieve safer working conditions, wiser fire emergency
protocol and streamlined evacuation plans. 

Before you can take a closer look at fire dynamics, you should understand the
fundamentals of fire.
Understanding Fire
Everyone knows fire as the hot, bright force that hurts to touch and can be dangerous
for people, animals and the environment. But it’s also something we rely on for warmth
and safety. In scientific terms, fire is an exothermic chemical oxidation reaction. It
requires four elements to occur, known as the fire tetrahedron. Remove a single
element, and the fire will go out or be unable to start in the first place. Here are the four
elements:

 Fuel: Fuel for a fire could include paper, wood, plastic or even liquids like gasoline.
Without a fuel source, a fire would have no materials to burn. Consider a gas
stove. The moment you turn off the flow of gas, the fire goes out. It has no more
gas, or fuel, to use to complete the chemical reaction.
 Oxygen: As an oxidation reaction, fire needs oxygen to thrive. If oxygen levels
around the fire drop, the fire will go out. An example of this is covering a candle
with an upside-down glass cup. After doing this, you can see the fire on the wick
shrink until all that remains is a wisp of smoke filling the cup. Since fire consumes
oxygen and gives off other gases such as carbon dioxide, the space within the cup
loses its oxygen levels, and the candle’s fire is unable to continue. 
 Heat: Fire also needs heat to stay lit. Many people are familiar with the act of
blowing out a candle. This action removes heat from the candle, making the flame
disappear. Dumping water on a campfire has a similar effect of removing heat
from the fuel source, disrupting the chemical reaction. A fire’s heat will increase
from ignition into the growth stage. From there, it reaches its highest heat level as
a fully developed fire. Its heat will decrease as it consumes all its fuel and begins
to decay. 
 Chemical reaction: The last essential component of a fire is an unbroken chemical
reaction. Removing any of the above three elements will break the chemical
reaction, resulting in the fire going out. Most fire extinguishing or suppressing
agents work by interrupting the chain reaction of fire. 
5 Aspects of Fire Dynamics
Fire dynamics is a broad and extensive field of research that has years of experiments
and scientific studies behind it. For this introduction to fire dynamics, we’ll focus on five
of the most fundamental aspects — heat release rate, fire ignition, room fire dynamics,
flame spread and smoke. Learning more about these five aspects of fire dynamics will
help you understand fire’s behavior and how certain variables can affect it. This is true in
any location, including your place of business. 

1. Fire and Heat: Heat of Combustion vs. Heat

Release Rate
The following two concepts contribute to a fire’s combustion:

 The materials: Different materials have a varying effect on the fire’s

characteristics. The material used as fuel will release a certain amount of energy
per unit weight as it burns. 
 The speed of released energy: This concept describes how quickly energy
releases from the material. 

You should also understand the difference between “heat of combustion” and “heat
release rate.” The material a fire uses as fuel has an effect on the heat it gives off. Wood
and paper have the lowest heat of combustion, which means it takes less heat for wood
to catch on fire. Fuels such as plastic or gasoline have a much higher heat of combustion,
meaning it takes more heat for a fire to begin consuming them. 

Heat release rate has to do with the heat a material gives off when it is burning. Wood
may have a low heat of combustion, but its heat release rate is high. This makes wood —
something that requires little heat to ignite — an extremely dangerous material when
burning. A fire’s heat release rate is a much more important factor than its heat of
combustion because it can have drastic effects on surrounding materials and people. 

Starting a campfire is a good example of heat release rate in action. Trying to start a
campfire with a single log is tough work. Instead, your best bet is to chop up the log into
smaller pieces, or kindling. Lighting pieces of kindling on fire is much easier than trying to
light a whole log on fire. Each tiny piece of kindling has a high heat release rate, which
raises the surrounding kindling’s temperature, making the whole bunch easier to light. 

You can take the example a step further. Imagine if you ground a log into sawdust and
scattered it throughout the air. Each tiny piece of sawdust would have such a high heat
release rate that a single ignition could result in an explosion as each speck combusted at
once. It’s clear to see that the configuration of the fuel influences a fire’s heat release
rate. More available surface area leads to a higher heat release rate, causing fires to burn
faster and hotter.

2. Fire Ignition
Ignition refers to the moment a material catches on fire. It occurs when a material’s
surface gives off enough combustible vapors at an ignitable range. For some materials,
like flammable liquids or gases, these vapors can exist at standard ambient temperatures.
That’s why smoking cigarettes is illegal while filling up your gas tank. The burning ash can
ignite the gasoline’s vapors which could then spread to the liquid gasoline itself. These
materials are dangerous due to the ease at which they ignite, making proper fire safety
crucial.

Solid flammable materials need the application of a heat source to their surface to start
giving off ignitable vapors. The necessary amount of energy for this release to occur
differs among materials. “Pyrolysis” is the process in which solid materials transform into
a gas, and it is a key part of the ignition process for these solid materials. 

A process called “charring” can affect the ignition of solid fuels as it influences the
transfer of heat. Fire chars its fuel as it consumes it, creating a carbon-based, solid
deposit where uncharted fuel used to be. As the fire rages on, char becomes ash — the
familiar deposit leftover in a campfire after the fire has used up all the fuel. Solids that
resist charring leave nothing behind after the fire consumes and decomposes them. 

3. Room Fire Dynamics

A fire’s surroundings will affect its intensity and growth rate. This is especially true with
indoor fires. Room fire dynamics takes a closer look at how fires behave in rooms based
on various factors. 

An example of room fire dynamics is a flaming Christmas tree. No one wants to think
about the possibility of their Christmas tree catching on fire, but the truth is that it’s a
possibility and you should understand how room fire dynamics can make this event so
dangerous. A burning Christmas tree creates a hot gas fire plume extending upwards
toward the ceiling, called a “ceiling jet.” The fire then spreads from that point above the
Christmas tree to the rest of the ceiling. Before long, the fire reaches the room’s walls. 

The smoke and fire from the ceiling jet then accumulate and descend to the floor,
engulfing the whole room in flames. Through a process known as a “flashover,” the heat
from the ceiling radiates to the rest of the room, leading to the combustion of all
flammable materials nearby. This can lead to fire spreading at a rapid rate. The smoke
and fire then begin spreading through any openings, cracks or doorways in the room,
looking for more fuel and oxygen to consume. 

The smoke and toxic gases that spread throughout a building pose a threat to anyone
inside. Breathing these harsh substances can cause damage to the lungs, causing serious
injury or even death. Studying fire dynamics shows that smoke travels away from the
source of the fire, making an area dangerous even if the fire is raging in a separate room.

If a room is airtight, the fire could use all the oxygen in the room and begin to diminish
after reaching its developed stage. In the most fortunate circumstances, this could
happen before the fire engulfs the entire room. This poses a severe threat if oxygenated
air is able to enter the space through a newly opened door or window. The
reintroduction of oxygen could cause a “flashback,” which is a fireball formed from large
amounts of fuel bursting into heavy flames in a single moment. 

4. Flame Spread
Flame spread is the movement of fire across the surface of a liquid or solid fuel source.
This is possible due to the rising temperature of the fuel source, influenced by the flame.
As the temperature of the fuel increases, the fire can travel farther across it. This forms a
cyclical relationship. As the fire heats up the fuel, it can more easily consume it. And if
there is more fire present, there will be more heat, allowing for a greater flame spread
rate. 

Slow-burning fuels like plastics have a slower flame spread than fast-burning fuels like
paper or gasoline. The fastest-burning fuel sources need little external energy for
combustion, allowing the flames to travel at a sometimes frightening rate. If you’ve ever
seen an area covered in gasoline light up into flames, then you understand the sheer
speed at which flames can spread across fast-burning fuel sources. 
5. Smoke
Most people associate smoke with fire. If you see billowing smoke in the distance, it’s
safe to assume there may be a fire somewhere nearby. Smoke is one of the most
dangerous aspects of a fire and can cause death before the fire even reaches a person’s
location. Understanding the behavior of smoke is a crucial part of fire dynamics. 

Smoke has different appearances depending on the current stage of the fire from which
it originates. Light smoke often appears during the smoldering combustion stage of a fire.
Dark, black smoke is characteristic of full combustion and the presence of flames. It’s
important to note that the smoke layer above the flames has a high amount of heat
transfer. This is due to the high heat release rate of soot present in the flames. 

Smoke has the ability to absorb and scatter light, making it of great interest to the fire
safety and protection industry. Learning more about how smoke affects light helps
manufacturers make safer, better products. These include products with the following
characteristics:

 Visibility: Smoke has the potential to obscure the visibility of exits for people
trying to escape a fire. This makes fire sprinkler systems important in reducing the
amount of smoke that could block someone’s line of sight. 
 Smoke detection: People rely on fire alarms and smoke detectors to warn them of
a fire in their building. A good alarm system can provide the warning needed for
everyone to get to safety before fire and smoke spreads. 
 The ability for light to shine through the smoke: Quality emergency exit lights are
crucial for helping people find a way out of a burning building. Emergency lights
should emit their own light, and they should be bright and bold enough to cut
through a fire’s dense smoke.