ANTI-CRIMINALITY OPERATIONS

Almoguerra, Buyo and Hernandez et al. (2019), who seeks to identify the perception of
selected police officers and residents of Barangay Batasan on the effectiveness of the
implementation of the PNP Anti-Criminality program, the study reveals that the implementation
of the PNP's Anti-Criminality Program was described as highly implemented. Meaning, the anti-
criminality campaign being implemented by police is effective. Moreover, in terms of logistics,
the data reveals it was fairly implemented, hence, the problems encountered that affect the
implementation of the Philippine National Police's Anti-Criminality Program at Batasan Hills in
Quezon City were described as less serious. Indeed, it is highly recommended. Overall the
findings of the study demonstrate the factors to consider such as low funds for the procurement
of modern equipment and motorcycle units and automobiles to with stand the application of
police presence for the more effective anti-criminality campaign. The findings of the study
recommend promoting continuous development programs, seminars, training and updates
concerning the enhancement of anti-criminality operation for improved and more effective
techniques and procedures. Lastly, the recruitment of additional qualified applicants into the
Philippine National Police is needed to increase the strength of the manpower and to enhance
police presence, especially in a high crime rate area.

REFERENCE: Almoguerra, J. ., Buyo, R. ., Hernandez, D. ., Impil, R. ., Templonuevo, R. ., & Cuntapay, Ph.D. Crim, M. S. . (2019). The
Implementation of the Philippine National Police Anti-Criminality Program at Batasan Hills in Quezon City. Ascendens Asia Singapore –
Bestlink College of the Philippines Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1). Retrieved from
https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/1500

De Asis (2018) on the implementation of the local anti-criminality action plan (LACAP)
in the province of Pangasinan, his study reveals that out of 17 anti-criminality activities, seven
(7)of them were rated by the respondents to be Fully Implemented in 48 localities in Pangasinan
province. This anti-criminality campaign includes the police beat patrol procedures that gain
highest weighted mean among others. The conduct of arrest, search and seizure, anti-illegal
drugs, anti-illegal gambling, anti-bank robbery, bantay kalye and anti-terrorism activities are
among the seven implemented anti-criminality activities.

REFERENCE: De Asis (2018). Implementation of the Local Anti-Criminality Action Plan(LACAP) in the province of Pangasinan.

Lucagbo et al. (2015), on “Incidence of crimes and effectiveness of interventions in the national
capital region: Evidence from panel data”, results reveals that some not all of these interventions
such as police checkpoints, beat and mobile patrol are effective in reducing crime. The results
also show differences in the effects of the interventions across the different districts. Resources
should thus be redirected towards these effective strategies. The differences in the effects of the
interventions among the different crimes are also studied.
REFERENCE: Lucagbo, Michael & Cruz, L.S. & Narvasa, J.V. & Paglicawan, M.J.A. & Pepito, J.P.. (2015). Incidence of crimes and
effectiveness of interventions in the national capital region: Evidence from panel data. 64. 95-114.

According to De Asis (2018) as cited Dasayon (2013) in his study on “Police Integrated Patrol
System in Eastern Police District,” he found out that police visibility and intensifying the anti-
criminality and security operations are effective to prevent crimes, there should be the increase
of budget allocation and attention must be given to force multipliers. This study was prepared to
enhance the PIPS of the Eastern Police District. In addition, he also cited Skogan and Frydl
(2006), that the available evidence supports the assertion that hotspots policing is effective, there
are important gaps in our knowledge about it. Clearly, the enforcement-oriented strategies
reviewed here work in preventing crime. We do not know, however, which enforcement
strategies are more effective in preventing crime and under what circumstances certain strategies
are more appropriate. For instance, we do not know whether many of the observed crime-control
gains were generated by increased arrests, increased contacts with potential offenders, or simply
increased police presence in very small areas. This small body of evaluation research also does
not unravel the important question of whether enforcement-oriented programs resulting long-
term crime reductions in hotspot areas. Comparison periods to detect potential crime-prevention
effects ranged from only 1 month to 1 year. This review also offers little insight into the
effectiveness of enforcement tactics relative to other broader-based community problem-solving
policing program.

REFERENCE: De Asis, Roman R.(2018). Implementation of the local anti-criminality action plan (LACAP) in the province of Pangasinan

Dela Cruz, Galia and Panis on the level of effectiveness of crime intervention program
as perceived by barangay officials of Tubay, Agusan Del Norte found out that police integrated
patrol system and anti-criminality operations were effective. However, barangay peace keeping
operation and integrated area community public safety services were less effective. Lastly, data
revealed the level of effectiveness of the crime intervention program as perceived by barangay
officials in Tubay, Agusan Del Norte, was effective to the municipality. Researchers of the study
further conclude and recommended that the barangay officials must always support the
implementation of crime prevention programs in their respective areas. Moreover, they must
cooperate with the police officers who were assigned to their vicinities and also cooperate with
people in the community.

REFERENCE: Dela Cruz, J., Galia N., Panis, A. D. (2020). Level of effectiveness of crime intervention program as perceived by Barangay
officials of Tubay, Agusan Del Norte. https://www.scribd.com/document/514773933/Level-of-Effectiveness-of-Crime-Intervention-Programs-as-
Perceived-by-Barangay-Officials-of-Tubay-Agusan-Del-Norte-edited
CRIME PREVENTION

Lau and Ali (2019), in the Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice with
their study; Citizen Participation in crime prevention: A study in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia of
how citizen participated in crime prevention and how it has helped in crime reduction in the
local. The study reveals that Police and citizen involvement in crime prevention are effective in
reducing crime in which citizen participation in crime prevention was 80.6 per cent. It only
means that higher the frequency police and citizen involvement in crime prevention patrols, the
lesser the level of crime and with the increased of joint patrol by police and citizen in the
neighborhood, the level of crime will be lower and safety will improve and this is particular valid
in the case of the nine geographical areas covered under Kuching police district Kuching,
Sarawak, Malaysia.

REFERENCE: Lau, P.H. and Ali, K. (2019), "Citizen participation in crime prevention: a study in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia", Journal of
Criminological Research, Policy and Practice, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 144-160. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRPP-01-2019-0005

De Asis (2018), in relation to Caldwell (1997) statement that crime prevention is not only
the responsibility of law enforcers, but the shared responsibility of the pillars of the criminal
justice system, especially the community. He further added as cited Zvekic and Dasayon (2018)
in his theory on Citizens’ Experience with Crime Prevention states that crime prevention strategy
should include the promotion of active crime prevention policies; development of long-term
plans; improve coordination of crime prevention activities at the national, regional and local
levels; promotion by law enforcement and criminal justice of the safety and security of person
and property; treatment of victims with respect and understanding of their needs; regular
monitoring of crime prevention programs, based on reliable information, analysis and public
discussion with all parties involved. Furthermore, improved police-community relations, who
may result from a better knowledge of victimization experiences, will lead to an increased use of
crime prevention measures at the individual/household level, as well as within the framework of
crime prevention programs.

REFERENCE: De Asis, Roman R.(2018). Implementation of the local anti-criminality action plan (LACAP) in the province of Pangasinan

CRIME PREVENTION STRATEGIES

Mesko & Lobnikar (2005), in the study “The contribution of local safety councils to local
responsibility in crime prevention and provision of safety”, the author explore some dimensions
of the community policing strategy of the Slovene police which emphasizes establishment,
reinforcement and maintenance of good relations with local communities and new organized
ways of setting of priorities in crime prevention and provision of local safety at the local level.
The authors’ study findings show the development of some dimensions of community policing
safety, especially democratic ways in setting priorities in local safety and crime prevention
efforts. Despite some obstacles, the main advantages of such councils are as follows:
democratization of formal social control and control over the police; cooperation of (responsible)
citizens and knowing one another; development of more active cooperation between all local key
persons; facilitating of “safety consciousness” and discussions on local problems and
“communities that care” mentality.

REFERENCE: Meško, G. and Lobnikar, B. (2005), "The contribution of local safety councils to local responsibility in crime prevention and
provision of safety", Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 353-373. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510510597951 Download
as .RIS

Barreda (2023), who study the “Role of Civil Society on Crime Prevention in Developing
Country Philippines” in which the goal is to determined the role of civil society in crime
prevention in the Municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur. The research found out and
suggested that the Philippine National Police, civil society organizations, barangay officials and
barangay tanod and Sanguniang Bayan members, as well as civil society, are aware of the civil
society's limitations in terms of its ability to prevent crime in the San Jose municipality of
Camarines Sur. In addition, the finding also suggests a solid relationship between the police
department and the community in order to strengthen our crime prevention strategies. The
government has a responsibility to make sure that all Filipinos can go about their social,
economic and business activities without fear of harm coming to them or their property when
walking and traveling across the entire nation.

REFERENCE: ARIEL B. BARREDA, 2023. Role of Civil Society on Crime Prevention in Developing Country Philippines.

Breva Jr.(2020), who examined the relevance and effectiveness of the POPS Plan in
addressing the problems of criminality in the province of Albay. In his study, the result of
quantitative descriptive approach reveals that the peace and order councils’ action on the efforts
of the government to address the crime problems is relevant. With this belief, the respondents
participate in the effective implementation of the POC’s POPS Plan to address the problems of
criminality. Hence, it is recommended that the policy planners of the government should seek
criminological knowledge from criminologists in formulating dependable peace and order and
public safety plan.

REFERENCE: Breva Jr., D. (2020). Evaluation of the Peace and Order and Public Safety Plan: Its Relation to the Crime Prevention Priority
Issues of the Province of Albay. JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research, 41(1), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.7719/jpair.v41i1.790

Binwag and Kanongkong (2020), know the crime prevention programs of the
Municipality of Bontoc in Mountain Province as to their indigenous crime prevention programs
whereas investigation reveals that indigenous crime prevention practices in Bontoc include
pechen system, ator system, maipaila system, and fagfaga system. All these practices are used as
means of crime prevention and to some extent indigenous prosecution. The crime prevention
program of the Municipality of Bontoc was much implemented relative to the three (3) elements
of crime such as motive, opportunity, and instrumentality. The residents sometimes participated
in the crime prevention activities, however, the police and official respondents claimed that the
residents often participated. The police and public officials had similar perceptions as compared
to the residents’ evaluation of the implementation of the crime prevention program.

REFERENCE: Vicente Jezreel Binwag, Codmor Lynden Kanongkong, 2020: Crime prevention program of an Upland municipality in the
Philippines.

Vicente et al. (2020), the group of researcher study focused on crime prevention of a
barangay who’ve determined the crime prevention activities that the Philippine National Police
and barangay officials implemented and discovered the challenges encountered in the
implementation of the crime prevention activities. The researchers study results revealed that the
Police Personnel and Barangay Officials are regularly conducting the following activities:
regular patrolling (foot and mobile patrol), routine checkpoints and crime prevention seminars. It
also showed that they had challenges in implementing these crime prevention programs such as
having depleted personnel, inadequate crime prevention equipment and instances of unreported
cases.

REFERENCE: Vicente et al. (2020), COMMUNITY CRIME PREVENTION: THE CASE OF A BARANGAY IN THE NORTHERN
PHILIPPINES

In the study of Protacio (2009) entitled “Calamba City Crime Prevention Strategy”
reveals that Calamba City Police Station made use of Police Integrated Patrol System, Police
Barangay Ugnayan, Day and Night Checkpoint, Utilization of Force Multipliers and OPLAN
Magdalena in their crime prevention campaign. The further recommend that there is a need for
Calamba City Police Station to deploy additional personnel to cover all crime prone areas,
second, there is a need to sustain adequate number of vehicles to be used in patrolling 54
barangays of Calamba and police shall ensure maximum participation of the barangay and
community in maintaining peace and order. Moreover, provision of adequate number of vehicles
to be used in order to sustain the 24 hours checkpoints, 5) the need to establish a joint police and
force multiplier organized patrol deployment system in roaming the 54 barangays of Calamba
City, 6) enhance and improve efficient implementation of laws on prostitution to avoid
proliferation of vagrants in Calamba City, and 7) Calamba City Police Station should strengthen
coordination with other concerned government agencies to fight the menace of prostitution

REFERENCE: Protacio (2009). Calamba City Crime Prevention Strategy

CRIME

De La Rama, Raymundo, & Wanasen Jr (2010) in their study entitled “Police strategies
against street crimes in Bicol Region” reveals that the Regional Police in Bicol should exert
more effort by mobilizing the community, keeping the community informed of the crime
situation on the modus operandi of criminals, and for the local government to allocate more
funds for the police stations purposely for crime prevention programs.

REFERENCE: De La Rama, Raymundo, & Wanasen Jr (2010). Police strategies against street crimes in Bicol Region.

Gottfredson, et al. (2010) in their studies claim that part of human life is embracing crime
evasion, safety, prevention, expenses on crime prevention, to include insurance, expenses on
crime victims, on victims’ expenses during court trials, government expenses on criminal justice
system. Fear of crime also negatively affects the quality of life, with this everyone acts and plans
on how to avoid or prevent crime or to be victimized. Everyone do and provide within their
capabilities in avoiding criminal acts, studying others crime prevention plans. Crime is costing
each country with huge money, thus, crimes must be prevented.

The book of Vicente (2013) was used to describe some fundamentals of crime as to the
elements and anatomy of crime. This is basically accepted wherein if one element is not present
no crime to talk about. The elements are intent, opportunity and instrumentality.

Ashley Crossman (2021) defined crime as any act that is contrary to legal code or laws.
In other words, crime and legality are social constructs that are fluid and change over time. There
are many different types of crimes, from crimes against persons to victimless crimes and violent
crimes to white collar crimes. She further added the seven types of crimes including crimes
against persons, crimes against property, hate crimes, crimes against morality, white-collar
crime, organized crime and sociological look at crimes.

1. CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS is act or omission that causes harm or injury to a

person, including physical, emotional or psychological harm and typically considered
serious offenses and can result in severe legal penalties.

2. CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY is act or omission that causes damage or harm to

another person's property, including theft, vandalism, arson and burglary in which
 considered offenses against the owner of the property and can result in criminal charges
and penalties.

3. HATE CRIMES is the acts that are motivated by bias or prejudice against a person or
group of people based on their race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, gender
identity, or other characteristics. These crimes can take many forms, including violence,
vandalism, harassment and intimidation.

4. CRIMES AGAINST MORALITY is a category of offenses that are considered to be

immoral or against the moral principles of society whereas considered to be offenses
against the moral values and norms of a particular society, and are often punished more
harshly than other types of crimes.

5. WHITE-COLLAR CRIME refers to non-violent crimes that are typically committed

by businesses, professionals or government officials for financial gain including fraud,
deception or other forms of dishonesty and can have a significant impact on individuals,
businesses and society as a whole.

6. ORGANIZED CRIME refers to a type of criminal activity that is carried out by a

group or organization, they engage in illegal activities such as drug trafficking, extortion
and money laundering as well as use of violence or intimidation to achieve their goals.

7. SOCIOLOGICAL LOOK AT CRIMES involves examining the social and cultural

factors that contribute to criminal behavior and the ways in which society and culture can
influence crime and punishment.

REFERENCE: Crossman, Ashley. (2021, August 5). 7 Different Types of Crimes. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-crimes-
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