CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

“A literature review is a critical in-depth study and evaluation of

existing research in a particular field of study or related subjects”

(Martyn Shuttleworth, 2018). In this chapter, a review of related

literature will be exhibited to discuss and present the theoretical

foundation to create an understanding on the Crime Prevention – as

well as to understand its importance and purpose in aiming to

counterweight risk, disasters, and crises.

Foreign Literature

According to Garland, (2017) Crime has been cited as an

important problem and is a prominent fact of contemporary societies.

Crime as a social problem can restrict people’s freedom in the

community participation. It can generate considerable fear within the

community superseding national security, employment, cost of living,

poverty and health (National Crime Prevention Institute [NCPI],

2018). The Author noted that the desire to feel safe and secure

demands numerous public policy and governmental interventions to

combat crime. But the problem of crime itself is still persistent. One of

the most recent literature reviews of shows that pandemic global

 22

trends indicate that crime rates have been on the increase because

of the poverty and unemployment rate. This trend is however, not

replicated in all regions of the world, though crime and violence are

typically more severe in urban areas and is compounded by their

rapid growth. The author stated that it is important to implement

operative crime prevention strategies, there are certain points that

need to be understood when a person is observing crime prevention

strategies. The crime prevention approaches refer to the range of

interventions that have been implemented by the people,

governments, corporations and non-governmental organizations have

adopted in order to resolve different social and environmental factors.

According Crowe, (2015) people have a perception that

the real priority to crime prevention is to deal with the roots of crime

as well as social, economic and political causes. He adds that the

corrective and tertiary approaches are the most socially desirable.

There is prevalence of crime, hence, prevention strategies are

required to get incorporated in a cross-cutting manner. In his study it

explains that theories relating to the causes of crime fail to explain the

wide range of criminal behaviour and dishonesty in the community

which has roots in self-centred nature of human behaviours and

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causes of crime as there are criminals – Thus, Strategies are

required to be built upon cooperative partnerships between

government institutions and ministries, community and non-

governmental organizations and the business sector and civil society.

In 2014, According to the Department of Homeland Security

(DHS), Interest continues to prosper in the field of crime prevention

management which demands the presence of contingency and

strategical plans. The Department suggested for the development of

an emergency management as preparation to response to disasters

caused by natural, technological, and human forces and even

pandemic. A human-caused event could be a terrorist attack,

launching of destructive virus and the like (Alexander, 2016).

“Evidence from several countries indicate that implementing

efficient and effective crime prevention programs contributes

significantly to achieve a safe and secure societies” (Homel, 2019).

All crime prevention initiatives should be sustainable (Public Safety

Canada, 2015). Crime as a complex and multi- facet event is a

product of many factors. Explaining criminal behaviour is a challenge

and it is as complex as the human nature itself.

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In most crime prevention strategies, the interest is primarily on

the offenders and laws. a key issue for situational prevention,

especially, concerns the amount of credence that can be given to

offenders’ accounts of their crimes. The target as well as their

location is relatively neglected features of criminological theorizing.

(Cozens, Saville & Hillier, 2015). Place-based crime prevention

strategies focus upon the crime site, the spatial aspects of a target

and the specific location of crime to redress the balance between

these factors by changing the environmental design. According to the

authors, manipulating abstract concepts, nevertheless, criminals are

particularly poor. Hence, introspective insight into the motivations

motivating their actions may be especially lacking.

Local Literature

According to Etcuban et al. (2018) in Cebu City, Barangay

Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) promotes an environment of

mutual trust and confidence while maintaining tranquility and order

and providing safety service. BPAT was moderately effective in the

conduct of patrol in their respective villages. They are involved in

giving the community the best policing system particularly in the

deterrence of crime such as checkpoint. To sustain the village-based

 25

anti-crime strategy the police in the community with the collaboration

of BPAT, it can intensify public safety information campaign through

regular police bulletins on criminal modus operandi.

According to Rinen (2014), Cebu City is further strengthening

police visibility in public areas Where implemented by the police as

part of their strategy to lower street crimes in program dubbed Metro

Cebu Comprehensive Deployment System (MCCDS) which in this

program they will maximize police visibility out in the streets to

prevent crimes from happening and witness more augmentation of

policemen out in the streets in beat, foot, and mobile in covert

operations. “The response to street crimes is always police

presences”, apart from increasing the number of policemen in foot

and mobile patrols, other strategies that will be employed the

establishment of checkpoints. Deployment of covert personnel and

with all these done in random manner. Therefore, safety is a freedom

from harm or danger and the state of being safe which every person

assures in the place they were living and for their daily lives. People

always need to feel safe under any circumstances. It does not matter

if you are at home, at work, at school, travelling at social event or in

desperate need of emergency assistance.

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According to Patalinghud (2017) partnership of the PNP and

the community is the best way to solve criminality. Understanding the

problem within the organization and establishing good rapport with

the community will ensure good result. Crime prevention strategies

adopted by the police force in Salug Valley, Zamboanga del Sur,

Philippines was much effective in reducing the crime rate in the area.

If PNP did not implement this strategy the crime committed in the

would have been very high in the four municipalities of Salug Valley.

The crime prevention strategy of the PNP are much effective to

minimize the crime rate that really helped the community in its drive

from peace and order.

According to Ratcliffe (2019), at the barangay level

maintenance of peace and order provides security to the residences.

Different strategies, processes and operations are used by the peace

and order committee to attain its goals. One of these operations is the

Foot Patrol. As suggested in a study held in Philadelphia, foot patrol

may be considered a good way to decrease crime related concerns if

it is intelligence-lead. In other words, foot patrol effectiveness in

handling security will be more guarantied if the selection of target

areas in foot patrol is thoroughly studied. The findings show that there
 27

is a decrease of violent crimes; however, the decrease does not

suggest that completely deter crimes. So, even though it is not the

best solution in preventing crime related violence, foot patrols can still

decrease crime. Therefore, this strategy is still helpful in managing

peace and order.

According to Manabat (2017) Although police and criminal

justice systems play an important role to prevent crime, enhancing

the police force and enacting zero tolerance policies result in

increased convictions and over populated prisons, the police station

in increasing police visibility in communities to reduce the numbers of

crimes. Most of the policemen are outside for advocacy programs

and to maximize visibility. The research showed that while there are

often mistrust and poor relations between police and citizens in

developing and poor countries (Alcuzar, 2018), environmental

strategies can be used ‘with a good deal of success and local

acceptance.

Foreign Literature of Studies

According to Rateau (2016), Crime prevention through

environmental design and situational prevention strategies suggested

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using improved force utilization as one of the ways of preventing

crime to illuminate human activities and to provide security. It was

noted that community crime prevention has emerged as a major

alternative and supplement to the criminal justice system.

According to Farrel and Tilley (2020), domestic violence would

be expected to increase under lockdown. The experiences between

potential victims and perpetrators in the domestic community will also

reflect a rise in the amount of domestic violence opportunities.

According to Farrel et al, (2020), reduced crime opportunities,

mediated by improved security and reduced target suitability, has

emerged as a strong explanation. The author stated that crime

changes related to the coronavirus pandemic are consistent with the

impact of mobility changes on crime opportunities.

According to the author, Ashby (2020), in various ways, the

coronavirus pandemic could have altered the activities of each of

these actors. Fewer people on the street may have meant fewer

targets for street robbery, but also fewer guardians. For a crime to

occur, one or more motivated offenders must come into contact with

a suitable target in the absence of controllers (guardians of targets,

 29

managers of places and handlers of offenders) who make committing

the crime more difficult.

Local Literature of Studies

According to Patalinhug (2017) the Philippine National Police is

challenged by time in terms of the effectiveness of the institution in

maintaining a peaceful and orderly society as well as its efficiency

and effectiveness in deterring criminal activities and preventing the

successful commission of crimes. He noted the importance of crime

prevention as a vital role in achieving the objective to safeguard

human lives and properties from crime threats in the community.

According to an article written by Caliwan (2020) The Philippine

National Police through Police General Eleazar, Philippine National

Police (PNP) chief, ordered to intensify police visibility under the

“New Normal”, to which increased presence of police personnel aims

thwart criminal threats that are expected to surge under new normal

or less-stringent GCQ. According to Eleazar, the PNP objective is to

make use of that time on matters that need the police concerns most,

which is patrolling the streets.

 30

Moreover, Sanidad-Leones (2013) stated that in increasing

police visibility in communities is one of the measures in reducing the

numbers of crimes. She reiterated that most of the policemen are

outside for advocacy programs noting that a good crime prevention

program must focus on direct controls over behavior, and not on

indirect controls. several distinct characteristics. It must be set in

motion before the crime is committed and not after. It must focus on

direct controls over behavior, and not on indirect control. They are on

foot patrol to observe more the community safety, this way they could

easily establish connection with the community against criminal acts.

Policemen also go house-to-house in different villages in subdivision

within the area of their responsibilities to make sure that they are safe

by the police force.

Hence, Etcuban & Batiles (2018), stated that Peacekeeping is

the essential function of the police and police visibility is one of the

main thrusts of this peacekeeping activity. The authors noted the

program implemented by Cebu City dubbed as Metro Cebu

Comprehensive Deployment System (MCCDS) to further

strengthening police visibility in public areas as part of their strategy

to lower street crimes. This program maximized police visibility out in

 31

the streets to prevent crimes from happening and witness more

augmentation of policemen out in the streets in beat, foot, and mobile

in covert operations – it also includes the strategy of establishing of

checkpoints and deployment of covert personnel.

Therefore, safety is a freedom from harm or danger and the

state of being safe which every person assures in the place they were

living and for their daily lives. Jacob (2011) in his study, The

Philippine National Police aims to cultivate the citizen-police

partnership to serve the cause of peace and order in the community.

It seeks the cooperation and active support of NGOs, the local

government officials, and the entire community for crime prevention

and control. It also ensures immediate police response to situations,

thereby fostering a sense of security among the residents in the

community.

In the long term, in reference with the creation of Community

Oriented Poling System, Police programs and interventions, aims to

facilitate the transition from the traditional reactive incident-driven

model of policing to a proactive style of operation which seeks to

identify and resolve community problems and actively engage

members of the community in the process.

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Synthesis of the art

The above related literature and studies have provided varying

concepts and operationalization on how crime prevention works best

for the benefit of the general public. The literature gave brief overview

on the importance of Crime Prevention strategies in ensuring the

continuity of operations and services amidst the current MCCQ status

of Sorsogon City – during COVID19 pandemic. It was emphasized

that the development of a viable crime prevention program and

strategies takes cognizant on a cautiously prepared plan based on a

careful assessment of the operational environment.

Gap Bridge

Furthermore, the related literature and studies, highlighted the

importance of the conduct of impact analysis as a foundation of an

effective crime prevention strategy. The vast availability of foreign

literatures and studies could be an important reference to the conduct

of studies which is found limited in the Philippines, though the

emergence of, nowadays, the Government issuing directives on

agencies to establish crime prevention programs. The related

literature and studies had helped the researcher in the preparation of

 33

the stated research problem, theories of viable continuity and

framework of the study.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/Handbook_on_Crime_Pre

vention_Guidelines_-_Making_them_work.pdf

https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles/171676.pdf

https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/nat_strat_homelandsecurity_200

7.pdf

https://rems.ed.gov/docs/Mobile_docs/CPTED-Guidebook.pdf

https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/crime-prevention-criminal-

justice/module-2/key-issues/2a--detailed-explanation-of-tonry-and-

farringtons-typology.html

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12103-020-09551-3

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/world/coronavirus-domestic-
violence.html

https://crimesciencejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s401
63-018-0095-3

http://www.ijarp.org/published-research-
papers/june2018/Peacekeeping-Action-Team-In-Crime-Prevention-
Of-Selected-Villages-In-Cebu-City-Philippines.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323733776_Crime_Preventi

on_Strategies
 35

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1102408 by Chrsitopher Caliwan

https://unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No68/No68_13VE_Leones1.p

df author : celia v. sanidad-leones

http://www.ijarp.org/paper-details.php?ref_number=RP0718-1656

author: Jonathan O. Etcuban, Leo T. Batiles, Ma Cristina B. Monte,

Arnel D. Arpon, Aahron M. Dinauanao, Philip Joel DR. Macugay