Enhancing Public Safety: Evaluating the Efficacy of Foot Patrols in Crime Prevention in the

Municipality of Santo Tomas

Chapter 1

Introduction

The rationale for the study, research objectives, review of related literature, theoretical

and conceptual framework, significance of the study, and definition of terms for assessing the

effectiveness of foot patrols in crime prevention in the Municipality of Santo Tomas on

enhancing public safety are all presented in this chapter.

Rationale

To improve public safety, evaluating the effectiveness of foot patrols in preventing crime

is a crucial subject that raises several significant issues and obstacles. First and foremost, the

issue of effectiveness is a significant one. It is challenging to determine whether this strategy

significantly lowers crime rates because research into the effect of foot patrols on crime

prevention has shown conflicting results. The inconsistent results were an outcome of different

implementation strategies, geographic considerations, and the lack of standardized evaluation

techniques, which makes it difficult to reach firm conclusions (Haberman & Stiver, 2019).

On the other hand, the distribution of resources was a separate matter. It was expensive

for law enforcement agencies to maintain foot patrols because it took a lot of time and

resources. The opportunity cost of reallocating funds from other crime prevention or community

policing projects was compared to the possible benefits by policymakers. This conundrum

sparked concerns about how to improve public safety while making the best use of scarce

resources (Andresen & Hodgkinson, 2018).

Furthermore, a crucial part of this issue is the connection between foot patrols and

community involvement. Skeptics expressed concerns about possible prejudices and profiling,

while supporters maintained that foot patrols promote beneficial encounters between cops and

residents. It is a difficult problem that needs to be solved to make sure that foot patrols do not
unintentionally exacerbate racial inequities in law enforcement procedures or community

tensions (Bland et al., 2021).

Moreover, it is impossible to disregard the need for scalability and flexibility. Foot patrol

effectiveness varies widely between neighborhoods and cities, so what works in one place

might not work in another. When instituting foot patrols, policymakers have to take into account

the local environment, crime trends, and community dynamics, necessitating the use of

community-specific tactics as opposed to a general approach (Vicente et al., 2020).

To improve public safety in the Santo Tomas community, this study aims to evaluate the

effectiveness and impact of foot patrols. This study seeks to determine whether the presence of

foot patrols carried out by neighborhood law enforcement organizations helps lower crime rates,

elevates locals' sense of security, and promotes good relations between law enforcement

personnel and the public. To better understand how foot patrols contribute to community

policing and crime prevention, the study will collect important information from participants'

experiences, viewpoints, and observations. To determine the applicability and possible

advantages of foot patrols as a crime prevention approach adapted to the particular

requirements and dynamics of Santo Tomas, it will be crucial to analyze the information

gathered from the locals.

This study seeks to fill the gap in the literature by assessing the effectiveness of foot

patrols in reducing crime in the Municipality of Santo Tomas, even though the researcher has

not discovered any studies that are exactly like this one. Vicente et al. (2020) focused on

community crime prevention in the northern Philippines. Another study by Vicente et al. (2020)

focused on the compliance of a patrol unit with the standard patrol policies and protocols of the

Philippine National Police. Community policing, as described by Blair et al. in 2021, has not

been shown to lower crime or increase public confidence in law enforcement. In the Municipality

of Santo Tomas, no studies have been done to determine the effectiveness of foot patrols in
preventing crime. This presumption has led to the development of a study to examine this

matter.

Research Objectives

The research objectives of this study will revolve around assessing the effectiveness,

proactive policing, and community involvement of foot patrols in crime prevention. The specific

research objectives are as follows:

1. To evaluate the level of perception of the effectiveness of Foot Patrols in Crime

Prevention;

2. To evaluate the level of perception of proactive policing of Foot Patrols in Crime

Prevention;

3. To evaluate the level of perception of the community involvement of Foot Patrols in

Crime Prevention.

4. To propose an action plan for crime prevention on enhancing public safety for the

community.

Review of Related Literature

This section investigates the efficacy of foot patrols in crime prevention on enhancing

public safety, which is an important component of the study because it provides the background

knowledge and analysis required to understand the situation and the body of prior research

relevant to the investigation. This thorough research will carefully evaluate major scholarly

literature and empirical investigations that shed light on topics such as community policing and

foot patrols, crime prevention measures, urban planning and safety, and similar themes. The

study will use this collection of literature to expand its understanding and steer its investigation

into the opinions and experiences of Santo Tomas inhabitants.

Community Policing and Foot Patrols

 Numerous studies on law enforcement and crime prevention have focused on

community policing, with a focus on foot patrols in particular. The essential tenet of community

policing is that public safety issues should be identified and addressed in partnership between

law enforcement organizations and the communities they serve. Particularly proactive and

community-focused, foot patrols encourage face-to-face interaction between police and locals.

Studies frequently draw attention to the beneficial effects of foot patrols in fostering trust and

enhancing police-community interactions. Officers who are on foot become more approachable,

which enables them to have casual conversations, respond to issues, and gain a deeper

understanding of the dynamics of the community (Vicente et al., 2020).

The visible presence of officers on foot, according to supporters, makes a substantial

contribution to crime prevention. By fostering a sense of security and decreasing options for

criminal activity, greater visibility acts as a deterrent. Based on studies, neighborhoods with

regular foot patrols have lower incidents of crime than neighborhoods that just use conventional

police techniques. Officers obtained important information, pinpointed local problems, and

worked together with communities to devise specific solutions thanks to the community-oriented

character of foot patrols. It has been demonstrated that this focused and cooperative strategy is

more effective in addressing the underlying causes of crime, resulting in long-lasting decreases

in criminal activity (Vicente et al., 2020).

Challenges including resource limitations and potential scaling restrictions are brought

up by critics. It could prove difficult for police departments with tight budgets to implement

widespread foot patrols because it needs significant personnel and financial resources.

Additionally, the efficiency of foot patrols could differ based on the neighborhood and the kinds

of crimes that are common there. While foot patrols could be quite effective in some

communities, they could have a less noticeable effect in others. To be effective, community

policing techniques, such as foot patrols, should be able to adapt to the particulars of each

community (Martinez, 2018)

 Community policing program evaluation is a complicated and comprehensive process.

Success has to be evaluated in light of variables such as community satisfaction, safety

perceptions, and the caliber of police-community relations, which go beyond plain crime figures.

Researchers frequently stress the importance of long-term research that evaluates the long-

term effects of community policing. To ensure that the advantages are dispersed fairly

throughout various populations, evaluations should also look into any unintended repercussions

and discrepancies in the adoption of these tactics (Vicente, 2019).

The employment of foot patrols as part of community police has been effective in

promoting civic engagement, establishing trust, and reducing crime. Although there are

obstacles, such as resource limitations and inconsistent efficacy across circumstances, the

majority of the research supported the idea that proactive, community-oriented policing

techniques help create safer and more secure areas. To better understand the long-term effects

of community policing projects, future work should concentrate on improving tactics, addressing

scaling issues, and carrying out thorough evaluations (Atilano-Tang, 2023).

Crime Prevention Strategies

Enhancing community safety and well-being requires effective crime prevention

measures. The effectiveness of various strategies for reducing criminal activity and promoting

secure surroundings has been examined in several studies. Environmental design is a well-

known category of tactics, also known as "crime prevention through environmental design"

(CPTED). According to research, well-designed environments with sufficient illumination,

outside watch, and unobstructed vision help to lessen the potential for criminal activity. CPTED

demonstrates a proactive and preventive approach that appeals to urban planners, architects,

and law enforcement organizations alike by changing the physical environment to deter crime

(Patalinghug et al., 2021).

An additional component of crime prevention measures is community-based initiatives

and social interventions. These programs focus on the underlying reasons for criminal behavior,
such as deprivation, unemployment, and illiteracy. Studies emphasize the value of community

engagement and empowerment in these initiatives, showing that a sense of community

ownership could result in long-lasting good effects. These initiatives try to create situations that

are less favorable to criminal activity by addressing underlying social concerns and promoting a

safer and more resilient community (Austria & Diaz, 2019).

Beyond conventional policing techniques, law enforcement plays a significant role in

crime prevention. Research groups are now more interested in proactive and intelligence-driven

police techniques. This strategy makes use of data and analytics to pinpoint high-risk regions,

analyze criminal trends, and efficiently allocate resources. According to studies, adopting a

data-driven strategy enables law enforcement organizations to strategically deploy their

resources, resulting in a more effective and focused response to criminal threats. The

effectiveness of attempts to prevent crime is increased overall when technology and innovation

are incorporated into policing procedures (Asor & Sapin, 2020).

As an alternative to conventional punitive methods, restorative justice programs have

been investigated. Through discourse, restitution, and community engagement, these

organizations seek to undo the harm created by criminal activity. According to research,

restorative justice strategies have been shown to decrease recidivism and increase offenders'

sense of accountability. These tactics aid in the development of a more welcoming and

encouraging social environment by putting a strong emphasis on rehabilitation and community

healing (Vicente et al., 2020).

Collaboration amongst a variety of stakeholders, such as law enforcement, community

organizations, and lawmakers, is essential for crime prevention programs to be effective. The

significance of a diverse and integrated strategy that addresses the intricate interplay of social,

economic, and environmental elements contributing to crime is constantly emphasized by

studies. The use of data-driven policing, community-based programs, environmental design,

and restorative justice initiatives is necessary for a thorough knowledge of crime prevention.
Communities and governments created evidence-based plans that help bring about long-term

changes in public safety by combining the results of several research (Redoble et al., 2018).

Urban Planning and Safety

The safety of neighborhoods, crime rates, and the effectiveness of crime prevention

strategies like foot patrols are all significantly influenced by urban planning and design. The

importance of the built environment in encouraging or discouraging criminal activity is stressed

in the literature on this subject. A paradigm known as Crime Prevention through Environmental

Design (CPTED) principles has arisen, emphasizing the importance of urban planning in

producing environments that are both aesthetically beautiful and intrinsically secure. Studies

indicate that well-planned urban landscapes, which include elements like unobstructed

sightlines, well-lit streets, and natural surveillance, discouraged criminal activity and improved

the efficiency of foot patrols (Gargiulo et al., 2020).

The effectiveness of foot patrols in preventing crime is directly related to the design and

organization of metropolitan areas. Research shows that accessible sidewalks and public areas

that are designed with pedestrians in mind increase the visibility and accessibility of foot patrols.

Compact and mixed-use complexes are linked to more people walking around, which promotes

a sense of community and improves safety. Poorly designed urban districts with isolating

spaces, poor illumination, and restricted visibility could make it difficult for foot patrols to

navigate, which would reduce their effectiveness in reducing crime. Optimizing the deployment

of foot patrols and improving their efficiency requires an understanding of the spatial dynamics

of urban planning (Angeles & Roberton, 2020).

The literature went in-depth on the idea of "defensible space," which refers to the

planning of areas that locals may watch over and manage. According to the Defensible Space

Theory, people are more inclined to take an active role in preventing crime when they feel that

they have control over their surroundings and a sense of ownership. This theory supports the

notion that foot patrols help foster a sense of dependability when they are supported by well-
planned urban environments. Residents are more inclined to cooperate with police officers and

foot patrols as they feel safe in their surroundings, which strengthens the community's ability to

stop and deal with criminal activity (Mojica et al., 2019).

The literature recognized the difficulties of modifying already existing urban settings and

the significance of incorporating crime prevention concepts into the early urban planning

process. Studies highlight the potential advantages of applying CPTED concepts during repairs

and redevelopment projects, as retrofitting could prove necessary in older urban settings. It also

fosters a sense of community ownership, increasing the likelihood that locals will actively

support and participate in foot patrols. This strategy not only increases safety but also fosters a

sense of community ownership (Atienza, 2019).

The interconnection between the built environment, crime rates, and the efficiency of

foot patrols is highlighted in the literature on urban design and safety. Communities become

safer and more resilient by incorporating CPTED ideas into urban planning procedures.

Policymakers, urban planners, and law enforcement organizations looking for comprehensive

ways to improve public safety in urban settings could profit greatly from understanding the

symbiotic relationship between urban design and foot patrols (Ortega, 2020).

Community Engagement and Safety

To provide a comprehensive strategy to law enforcement, community engagement

programs that promote public safety worked in tandem with foot patrols. The goal of these

initiatives is to strengthen linkages between the communities that law enforcement

organizations work in and the people they serve. Opening up channels of communication allows

citizens to express their concerns, exchange information, and work with law enforcement, which

is a crucial component of community participation. These programs help foster a sense of

shared responsibility and communal ownership of community well-being by actively including

community members in the conversation about public safety (Baybay & Hindmarsh, 2019).
 By offering a visible and approachable presence on the streets, foot patrols, as a part of

community-oriented policing, support community engagement initiatives. Officers on foot in the

community open up opportunities for unplanned interactions with residents, building a sense of

accessibility and familiarity. As trust is a key component of successful community participation, it

increases between law enforcement and locals. The establishment of positive relationships that

go beyond conventional policing techniques is facilitated by officers on foot because they are

more likely to engage in casual chats, take part in local events, and directly address issues

(Manalastas et al., 2022).

Programs that engage the community also help to prevent crime by addressing the

underlying reasons for criminal behavior. These activities could include social services,

mentoring programs, and educational endeavors to empower people and communities.

Community engagement initiatives helped to create a supportive atmosphere that is less

favorable to criminal activity by tackling social concerns like poverty, unemployment, and

substance misuse. As a part of an all-encompassing strategy, foot patrols could actively take

part in neighborhood gatherings and outreach initiatives, further reinforcing their status as

partners in neighborhood safety (Lapuz, 2023).

The success of community involvement and foot patrols, according to research, depends

on adapting strategies to the unique requirements and features of each neighborhood.

Residents are more likely to embrace and support programs if they are culturally sensitive and

responsive to the particular difficulties facing the community. A dedication to shared decision-

making and cooperative problem-solving is shown by law enforcement agencies that actively

involve community members in the creation and implementation of safety projects (Abun et al.,

2019).

Foot patrols and community engagement initiatives work together to improve public

safety. A safer and more secure environment is a result of the interaction between

neighborhood-based initiatives and officers who could be seen walking around. Law
enforcement organizations could lay the groundwork for long-lasting community safety and well-

being by developing strong relationships, addressing the causes of crime, and actively

incorporating community members in the process. This cooperative strategy is a reflection of a

movement in policing toward a more inclusive and proactive style that values community

collaborations for safeguarding public safety (Carlson, 2018).

Crime Mapping and Analysis

Using cutting-edge technologies to visualize and analyze crime data, crime mapping,

and analysis are now essential elements of contemporary police. The goal of research on crime

mapping and analysis is to pinpoint high-crime regions and assess how well measures like foot

patrols work to reduce criminal activity. In-depth crime maps are regularly produced using

Geographic Information Systems (GIS), giving law enforcement organizations important insights

into geographic patterns and trends. This data-driven methodology enables the discovery of

"hotspots," or regions with higher-than-average crime rates, which can guide focused initiatives

to combat and deter criminal activity (Mojica et al., 2019).

Studies on crime mapping continue to demonstrate how useful this method is for

deploying resources, such as foot patrols, as efficiently as possible. Law enforcement could

strategically direct resources and patrol efforts to high-crime areas by spatially analyzing crime

data. This increases the effectiveness of foot patrols. According to research, a proactive and

focused approach that is informed by crime mapping resulted in a better use of resources, faster

reaction times, and greater visibility in areas where criminal activity is most frequent. The total

efficiency of foot patrols in combating crime is improved by this data-driven decision-making

(Asor & Sapin, 2020).

The study examined how changing crime patterns necessitate real-time data so that

policing tactics could be adjusted as necessary. Law enforcement authorities can be responsive
to changing crime trends thanks to ongoing examination of crime maps. This flexibility is

essential for the effectiveness of foot patrols since it guarantees that law enforcement is nimble

in its approach and capable of reacting to new problems and changing crime trends. A proactive

and dynamic policing approach that is better able to stop and deal with criminal activity can be

developed by agencies using crime mapping in conjunction with foot patrols (Balahadia et al.,

2020).

The study highlights the significance of tracking the effectiveness of foot patrols in high-

crime regions over time. Insights into the permanence of crime decreases in specific regions

were provided by longitudinal studies, which also assisted in evaluating the long-term efficiency

of foot patrols. To improve foot patrol tactics and sustain long-term community safety, it is

crucial to comprehend the temporal components of crime patterns. Findings from this field of

study help to create evidence-based procedures that improve the overall effectiveness of law

enforcement initiatives (Espina et al., 2018).

The deployment of foot patrols and the evaluation of their impact on high-crime areas

were greatly aided by crime mapping and analysis. Law enforcement organizations are now

able to use technology, spatial analysis, and real-time data to prevent crimes in a proactive and

data-driven manner. Utilizing these tools, agencies could boost the efficiency of foot patrols,

resulting in safer neighborhoods and showcasing how technology can improve conventional

policing techniques (Galabin et al., 2021).

Policing in Rural Areas

Police presence in remote places like Santo Tomas presents particular difficulties and

issues that set it apart from cities. The literature on policing in rural areas frequently emphasizes

the significance of community-oriented and customized tactics to address the unique dynamics

of these places. Rural areas tend to be large and dispersed, which poses problems with

response times and resource distribution. The need for law enforcement agencies in rural areas

to implement strategies that take into account the geography, demographics, and unique
characteristics of the communities they serve is stressed by researchers (Patalinghug &

Sarcena, 2021).

In rural places, community policing shows up as a particularly pertinent and successful

concept. It is crucial to build a relationship of trust and cooperation between law enforcement

officials and residents. According to the literature, a community-centered strategy encourages a

sense of shared accountability for safety and enables law enforcement to collaborate directly

with citizens to address neighborhood issues and discourage crime. This strategy is especially

important in close-knit rural communities where relationships are crucial to the health of the

neighborhood (Warburg & Jensen, 2020).

Compared to metropolitan regions, rural locations frequently encounter distinct kinds of

crime. While burglary and violence are seen more frequently in metropolitan areas, rural places

could be dealing with concerns like agricultural theft, illegal hunting, or covert drug manufacture.

The literature on rural policing emphasizes how important it is for officers to comprehend and

adjust to these particular problems. Additionally, studies show that community engagement

activities designed for rural settings, including neighborhood watch programs or agricultural

crime prevention projects, have been successful in deterring and addressing crime (De Leon et

al., 2018).

In the literature on rural police, resource limitations are another important topic that is

covered. There could be gaps in coverage and response times in rural law enforcement

agencies due to a lack of staff and funding. Researchers frequently look into novel approaches,

like partnering with other jurisdictions, using technology for remote monitoring, and enlisting the

help of community volunteers to support law enforcement efforts. To maintain responsiveness

and the ability to solve the particular problems posed by the environment, resource

management in rural areas has to be effective (Dela Cruz & Tolentino, 2021).

The research on law enforcement in rural areas including semi-rural places like in Santo

Tomas highlights the need for specialized and neighborhood-focused strategies. Central themes
include comprehending the unique difficulties of rural environments, the kinds of crimes that are

most common there, and the significance of forging solid community ties. To improve the

efficiency of law enforcement in promoting safety and well-being in rural settings, which is a

dynamic field formed by the unique demands of each community, continual study helps to

develop ideas and practices (Arriola et al., 2021).

Crime Statistics and Trends

An in-depth analysis of Santo Tomas and comparisons with regions with and without foot

patrols offer important insights into the efficiency of such interventions in enhancing

neighborhood safety. Understanding the frequency and type of criminal activity in a given

location could be done with the help of crime statistics. In Santo Tomas, where foot patrols are

used, a thorough examination of crime data could turn up trends that illustrate the influence of

foot patrols on crime rates (Barreda, 2022).

It would be possible to identify any discernible changes in crime patterns by contrasting

them with areas without foot patrols. Numerous studies contend that having police enforcement

on foot patrol could serve as a deterrent, decreasing the risk of criminal activity. To determine

whether the lack of such a proactive approach is associated with greater crime rates, crime

statistics in areas without foot patrols could be examined. About the function of foot patrols in

reducing and preventing criminal events, this comparative analysis offers insightful evidence

(Patalinghug et al., 2021).

A longitudinal investigation of the effects of foot patrols is possible by looking at crime

trends through time. The success of this tactic could be determined by changes in crime rates or

the types of crimes that are committed there after the introduction of foot patrols. The endurance

and effects of the program on community safety are revealed by long-term data trends, which

also assist in determining if foot patrols contribute to sustained decreases in crime (Atilano-

Tang, 2023).
 The study needs to take into account variables other than foot patrols that could

influence crime rates, like community involvement initiatives, prevailing economic conditions, or

adjustments to law enforcement tactics. The complexity of crime prevention should be

considered, and the interactions between different interventions and the creation of a safer

environment should be evaluated. This strategy ensures a comprehensive understanding of the

intricate interplay between many elements impacting crime patterns (Asor & Sapin, 2020).

Santo Tomas's examination of patterns and data in crime gives a thorough analysis of

the effects of this policing method while contrasting them to locations with and without foot

patrols. Researchers could offer insightful information about how well foot patrols work to

promote community safety by taking into account both short-term changes and long-term

patterns. Such evaluations assist in developing strategies for crime prevention in particular

localities and support evidence-based policies (Mojica et al., 2019).

Police-Community Relations

Numerous research on the dynamics between law enforcement and the communities

they serve have focused on police-community interactions to comprehend, assess, and improve

these relationships. To promote trust, cooperation, and general public safety, there should be

good communication between police personnel and community members. The importance of

foot patrols in strengthening beneficial and cooperative police-community ties is frequently

emphasized in the research in this field (Tampan et al., 2018).

Studies have repeatedly shown how foot patrols can enhance police-community ties

through enhanced visibility and face-to-face contact enhanced visibility and face-to-face

contacts, studies continue to demonstrate how foot patrols could improve police-community ties.

Because they are more approachable, officers on foot could participate in non-enforcement

activities and do casual talks with community members in non-enforcement operations while

having casual talks with members of the community. This closeness fosters familiarity and trust,

removing obstacles that could come up in more conventional, less involved police techniques.
Because of this, people believe that foot patrols could assist law enforcement in becoming more

approachable and sympathetic to the public (Lacerna, 2018).

The literature investigated how community perceptions of safety were addressed

through the use of foot patrols. It could instill a sense of security and assurance in residents to

witness officers actively patrolling on foot. Community trust and perceptions of safety are

intimately related to good police-community relations. According to research, community

residents feel more secure when there is a visible and involved police presence, such as that

demonstrated by foot patrols (Semana, 2018).

Studies additionally highlighted potential difficulties and differences in how foot patrols

affect police-community interactions. The success of foot patrols in fostering goodwill could be

influenced by elements like the cultural backdrop of the community, previous experiences with

law enforcement, and the degree of community input in policing decisions. For foot patrols to

strengthen police-community ties, effective communication and a thorough awareness of the

community's interests and concerns of the community are crucial (Abdon et al., 2019).

The significance of proactive, community-focused policing strategies was highlighted by

studies on police-community relations within foot patrols. The benefits of foot patrols on trust-

building, community perceptions of safety, and the general effectiveness of police-community

interactions are regularly highlighted by the study. Incorporating foot patrols into law

enforcement organizations' operations is a viable way to build safer, more cohesive

communities as they work to strengthen their links with the community (Arasula, 2020).

Technology and Crime Prevention

Through numerous techniques including surveillance systems and communication

technologies, technology has emerged as a crucial element in contemporary crime prevention,

greatly boosting the efficacy of foot patrols. Closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras are a

common component of surveillance systems, and they offer useful real-time information to

supplement foot patrols in monitoring public areas. High-quality cameras could extend the range
of foot patrols by being positioned strategically in locations identified by crime mapping,

functioning as extra eyes to deter criminal activity and enhance situational awareness. As a

result of the force multiplier effect produced by the combination of surveillance technology and

foot patrols, police enforcement can patrol bigger areas and respond to occurrences more

quickly (Vicente & Codmor, 2019).

The coordination and optimization of foot patrols' activities depend heavily on

communication tools. Officers on foot could maintain communication with central command and

each other because of advancements in radio communication, mobile technology, and digital

platforms. Due to their increased ability to share information, coordinate strategies, and call for

aid, when necessary, foot patrols are more agile and responsive as a result of this fast

communication. In addition, communication tools make it possible for important information to

reach the community quickly, which promotes openness and trust between the police and the

public (Austria & Diaz, 2019).

Predictive analytics and software that uses data-driven mapping to identify crime

hotspots are other technological advancements that give foot patrols information on crime

trends. These tools enable law enforcement to foresee prospective problems, carefully design

foot patrol routes, and allocate resources where they are most required. This proactive

approach makes it possible for foot patrols to stop illegal activity before it gets out of hand,

which makes crime prevention more successful (Atilano-Tang, 2023).

During foot patrols, officers wear cameras on their bodies for two reasons. They serve to

discourage wrongdoing by providing accountability and openness in police dealings with the

public. At the same time, these cameras are useful instruments for gathering evidence and

assisting with inquiries and legal actions. Body-worn cameras contribute to the trust-building

function of foot patrols by displaying a dedication to accountability and community-centered

policing (Nicor-Mangilimutan et al., 2020).

 The use of technology in conjunction with foot patrols creates ethical and privacy issues.

A key factor to take into account is finding the ideal balance between effective crime prevention

and safeguarding individual privacy. These challenges should be navigated by researchers and

politicians to guarantee that technical improvements are consistent with social norms and legal

requirements. In conclusion, a potent strategy for preventing crime is the combination of

technology and foot patrols. Technology could improve the effectiveness, transparency, and

community involvement of foot patrols when used intelligently and ethically, ultimately leading to

safer and more secure areas (Fabe, & Zarcilla-Genecela, 2021).

Evaluation Methods for Policing Strategies

The literature on the evaluation techniques for policing initiatives, particularly foot

patrols, demonstrates a dedication to evidence-based practices and the continuing development

of law enforcement strategies. Scholars and researchers stress the significance of using reliable

evaluation methodologies to evaluate the efficacy, efficiency, and influence of policing strategies

on crime prevention and neighborhood well-being. Using quantitative measures like crime rates,

clearance rates, and reaction times is one evaluation technique that has received a lot of

attention. By examining statistical data, academics could quantify the practical effects of foot

patrols and other policing tactics, offering unbiased markers of success or places for

development (Jensen & Hapal, 2018).

To fully understand community-police interactions and attitudes, qualitative research

methodologies are essential for assessing the effectiveness of policing strategies. The

qualitative aspects of foot patrols could be better understood through surveys, interviews, and

focus groups with residents and law enforcement officials. Insights on community satisfaction,

trust in law enforcement, and the perceived efficiency of foot patrols in resolving neighborhood

issues are provided by this qualitative data. A thorough evaluation framework that covers both

the measurable outcomes and the lived experiences of communities is provided by combining

quantitative and qualitative methodologies (Espartero, 2023).

 The effectiveness of policing techniques over time should be evaluated using

longitudinal studies. Suppose the positive results shown in the short term are sustainable. In

that case, the positive results shown in the short term are sustainable, it could be determined by

looking at trends in crime rates, community involvement, and other pertinent indicators over an

extended period. This strategy is especially pertinent for foot patrols since officers' constant

presence on foot may have a long-term impact on how people perceive safety and community

dynamics. Researchers are also able to spot any unintended outcomes or changes in the

efficacy of foot patrols thanks to longitudinal studies (Cruz et al., 2021).

Comparative studies shed important light on policing practices by comparing the relative

efficacy of various tactics, including foot patrols. This could entail contrasting the crime rates in

regions with and without foot patrols or evaluating the results of foot patrols in comparison to

other community-focused policing efforts. Comparative research aids in determining which

tactics work better in particular situations and helps law enforcement agencies build evidence-

based best practices (Patalinghug et al., 2021).

The economic effectiveness of policing techniques, including foot patrols, is critically

evaluated using the cost-benefit analysis method. Researchers compare the expenses

associated with establishing and maintaining foot patrols with the advantages of crime

reduction, increased community satisfaction, and enhanced police-community ties. With the use

of this economic viewpoint, law enforcement organizations can allocate their resources more

efficiently and justifiably implement foot patrols by considering all aspects of their potential

effects (Mendoza et al., 2021).

This study of related literature emphasized the relevance of community-oriented policing

methods such as foot patrols in increasing public safety and improving police-community ties. It

emphasized the importance of developing evidence-based crime reduction efforts in areas such

as Santo Tomas. It suggests that effective crime prevention needs a multidimensional approach

that targets both the symptoms and core causes of criminal behavior, with a focus on
community participation, teamwork, and the use of technology to supplement the efforts of foot

patrols.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the Broken Windows Theory, established by James Q. Wilson

and George L. Kelling in 1982. It is a criminological and sociological theory that proposes that

obvious evidence of chaos and neglect in a community will encourage criminal activity. The

hypothesis was named after a broken window in a building: if a window is left unrepaired and

becomes broken, it sends a signal that no one cares about the property, creating an

environment in which other windows will be broken and other forms of disorderly conduct will

emerge.

In the context of this research, it will serve as a foundation by offering a theoretical

framework for understanding how the visible presence of foot patrols will affect Santo Tomas'

social and physical environment. The study will test the applicability of this theory in the specific

context of Santo Tomas and determine whether it supports the use of foot patrols as a crime

prevention strategy by examining whether foot patrols lead to a reduction in visible signs of

disorder and a subsequent decrease in more serious crimes.

In addition, this study is based on the Community Policing Theory, introduced by Sir

Robert Peel in 1829 as cited in Lyman (1964). It is a law enforcement technique and ideology

that emphasizes the development of positive connections between police personnel and the

communities they serve. This strategy attempted to solve crime and disorder concerns jointly by

incorporating community people in problem-solving and decision-making processes.

In the context of this study, it serves as the foundation for this research by offering a

theoretical framework that supports the notion that foot patrols will be an effective manner of

applying community policing ideals. The study will determine the extent to which this approach

aligns with the philosophy of community policing and whether it serves as a valuable tool for

enhancing public safety and community partnerships in this specific context by assessing the
impact of foot patrols on proactive policing, trust-building, and community involvement in Santo

Tomas.

Moreover, this study is also based on the Routine Activity Theory, proposed by

Lawrence E. Cohen and Marcus Felson in 1979. It is a criminological hypothesis that focuses on

the interaction of three variables to explain the occurrence of criminal events: a motivated

offender, a suitable target, and the lack of a capable guardian. According to this view, for a

crime to occur, all three factors must converge in time and space. The risk of a criminal incident

decreases if any of these elements is missing or interrupted.

In context, it serves as the study's foundation by offering a theoretical framework for

explaining how foot patrols will affect normal activities and opportunities for crime in Santo

Tomas. The study will assess the applicability of Routine Activity Theory in this specific context

and determine whether foot patrols effectively serve as capable guardians, contributing to the

prevention of crimes and enhancing community safety, by examining whether foot patrols

disrupt the convergence of the three elements outlined in the theory and reduce criminal events.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework will be built around the inputs of effectiveness, proactive

policing, and community involvement, with the end goal of developing an action plan based on

the study's findings, as shown in Figure 1.

The impact of foot patrols on reducing crime rates, improving citizens' safety

perceptions, and establishing a better community environment will be represented by

effectiveness. This input will include the collection and analysis of Santo Tomas citizens'

perceptions and reported incidents. The study's goal is to lay the groundwork for evidence-

based decision-making in public safety by examining the effectiveness of foot patrols.

The extent to which foot patrols engage in proactive measures such as community

problem-solving, crime prevention education, and community participation will be reflected in

proactive policing. It will entail evaluating law enforcement personnel's actions and tactics while

on foot patrol, as well as their influence on the community. To assess the effectiveness of this

feature, data on proactive policing activities, community interactions, and feedback from citizens

will be collected.

The level of trust, cooperation, and engagement between law enforcement and residents

will be indicated via community involvement. It will assess community members' willingness to

report instances, share information, and take part in crime prevention activities. A survey will be

utilized to collect information about residents' perceptions, interactions with law enforcement,

and active participation in developing public safety efforts.

Input
A. Effectiveness Output
B. Proactive
Action
Policing
Plan
C. Community
Involvement

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

Significance of the Study

The significance of the study will extend to various stakeholders, including the Santo

Tomas Philippine National Police (PNP), Local Government Unit (LGU) Santo Tomas, residents

of Santo Tomas, Kapalong College of Agriculture, Science and Technology (KCAST), future

researchers, and KCAST students. The importance of this study will promote greater public

safety, informed decision-making, and community engagement while also acting as a model for

educational possibilities.

This study will provide significant information on the success of the Santo Tomas PNP's

foot patrol activities. The findings will assist law enforcement agencies in refining their
strategies, allocating resources more efficiently, and tailoring their community policing activities

to better suit Santo Tomas citizens' needs. The PNP will make evidence-based decisions that

improve public safety and foster community trust by better understanding the impact of foot

patrols.

This study will serve the LGU Santo Tomas by providing a thorough understanding of

the function of foot patrols in promoting public safety. The study's findings will influence local

policy and budget allocation, allowing the local government to prioritize programs that meet the

community's safety needs. It will lay the groundwork for the LGU and the PNP to work together

to make Santo Tomas a safer and more secure place.

Residents of Santo Tomas will benefit directly from the study's findings since their safety

and quality of life will increase. Residents will actively contribute to defining public safety

initiatives and ensuring that their voices are heard on topics of community well-being by

participating in the study and sharing their experiences and perspectives.

As a university, KCAST will be able to engage in community-oriented research and

collaboration. The project will demonstrate KCAST's commitment to community development

and will serve as a foundation for future research endeavors. It will serve as a model for other

educational institutions by showcasing how academia may help to solve real-world problems.

The findings of this study will be used by future researchers to delve deeper into the

dynamics of community policing and public safety. The findings will serve as a platform for

future study and offer doors to investigating similar topics such as the impact of technology on

policing or the efficacy of other community involvement projects.

This study will assist KCAST students by providing them with a one-of-a-kind

educational experience through research activities, questionnaires, and data analysis. They will

acquire hands-on experience with research methods and participate in a study that will have a

direct impact on their community, building a feeling of civic responsibility and academic

engagement.
Definition of Terms

To ensure a common frame of reference for the research study, it is essential to provide

both conceptual and operational definitions for the key terms.

Public Safety. It refers to the collective sense of well-being and security that all members

of a community or society have. It includes a variety of situations and procedures that protect

people and property from harm, such as protection against accidents, emergencies, crimes,

natural disasters, and other hazards. The presence of an environment in which residents can go

about their everyday lives without undue fear, knowing that authorities and services are in place

to address and minimize dangers to their physical, mental, and social well-being is also part of

public safety (Tamayo & Juevesano, 2022). In the context of this research, it will be described

as the total state of security, order, and well-being in the Santo Tomas community. It will be

evaluated using residents' perceptions of safety and reported incidents as measurable

indicators of the effectiveness of safety measures and the impact of foot patrols on improving

public safety.

Foot Patrols. It refers to a community policing technique in which law enforcement

officers patrol defined areas of a community on foot. These police conduct visible patrols

regularly, interact with locals, and resolve minor violations and quality-of-life issues. Foot patrol

officers take a proactive approach to law enforcement, focusing on community engagement,

issue-solving, and crime prevention (Vicente et al., 2020). In the context of this study, it will be

described as the regular, visible, and active patrols of law enforcement officers within Santo

Tomas. The operationalization process will include documenting the types of operations carried

out by patrol personnel.

Crime Prevention. It refers to a proactive and purposeful endeavor to eliminate criminal

activity and improve public safety in a community. It includes tactics, initiatives, and actions

aimed at preventing criminal conduct, addressing the root causes of crime, and creating a safe

environment. Crime prevention entails a variety of actions such as community participation, law
enforcement methods, public education, and social interventions, all of which aim to reduce the

opportunity and motive for criminal acts (Patalinghug & Sarcena, 2021). In this context, it will be

defined as the observable effects of the presence of foot patrols in Santo Tomas. It will contain

citizens' assessments of the effectiveness of foot patrols, proactive policing, and community

involvement, all of which provide empirical indicators of the efficacy of foot patrols in preventing

criminal activity in the community.

Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

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