COMMON

WORKSHOP TOOLS
Why are we here?

Basic knowledge of tools and

fabrication will help any engineer.

Knowing which tool does what job,

and being competent on how to use
them, will help in everyday
engineering design.

This session will help you gain basic

knowledge of ordinary tools.
• Types Of Calipers: Calipers are specialized
measurement tools which are used to measure
distance, depth , thickness etc.
• Vernier Calipers:
• It is a precision measuring instrument

• Most of vernier caliper can measure up to 6 inches or

300mm, however small and large sizes are available
• Accuracy of the instrument depends on the least
count, varying from 0.1 to 0.02.
• Dial Calipers:

• possess a dial that display the measurement with a

pointer indicator
• Dial calipers have a mechanical structure comprising of
rack and pinion mechanism .
• The good feature concerning dial calipers is that they
don’t need batteries to run
• The Digital Caliper
• The digital version with more accuracy.
• The measurement can read from a LCD display
• It requires a small battery where the manual
vernier does not need any power source.
• Inside and outside caliper
• These are used with the help of steel rule to
check outside and inside measurements.
• They are specified by the max. length measured
• Sizes vary from 100mm to 300mm
•
• Divider caliper:
• This is used for making arcs, circles, bisecting
lines etc.
• Size ranges from 100 mmto 300 mm.
• Odd leg caliper:
• Also called jenny caliper or hermaphrodite.
• Used for making parallel lines from a finished edge
and also for locating the centre of round bars.
• They are specified by the height of the leg up to the
hinge point.
• STRAIGHT EDGES
• A straightedge is a tool with a straight edge, used for
drawing straight lines, or checking their straightness.
If it has equally spaced markings along its length, it is
usually called a ruler
• Straightedges are used in the automotive service and
machining industry to check the flatness of machined
mating surfaces.
• TRY SQUARE
• A try square is a wood working or a metal working tool
 used for marking and measuring.
• A traditional try square has a broad blade made
of steel that is riveted to a wooden handle or "stock".
• Modern try squares may be all-metal, with stocks that are
either die-cast or extruded.
• It is specified by the length of blade. Ex.10cm, 30 cm etc.
• VICES
• A Vise is used to hold parts during cutting,
drilling, hammering, and pressing operations
• There are total four type of vices
 Bench vice
 Pipe vice
 Pin vice 
 Hand vice
• Bench vice
• Bench vice is also called as engineer’s parallel-jaw
bench vice.
• There are two types generally available in bench vice.
• Swivel Base
• Fixed Base
• Pipe Vice
• As the name suggests pipe vice is used for holding
pipes and round bars for cutting, threading.
• It is generally used in plumbing work.
• It consist of two jaws, one is fixed and the other is
movable
• Pin Vice
• It is used by watchmakers to hold small wire or pin
for repairing the watch.
• It consist of a handle and a chuck, chuck knurling is
provided for grip.
• Inside the chuck three jaws are provided for gripe the
small wire or pin
• Hand vice
• Hand vice is generally used by key makers; it is used
to hold small things for cutting or filing purpose.
• It consist of two jaws, one is movable and other is
fixed. Both jaws are pivoted at one end.
• Other end of both the jaws is brought together
whenever required with the help of bolt and wing nut.
In between two jaws a spring is provided.
 Hammers
• Various types of hammers are used for
operations that involve striking a tool or part. It
is important to use the right hammer and to use
it properly. The different styles reflect different
uses.
 Select the right size hammer. If a large part is
struck by a small hammer, the hammer can fly
backwards dangerously. If the hammer is too
large, however, it may damage the part.
Hammers
 Hammers

A ball peen hammer is the most common type

of hammer used in automotive work. It has a flat
face for general striking. It also has around end
for shaping metal parts, such as sheet metal or
rivet heads.
A sledge hammer has a very large head. It is
usually the heaviest hammer and produces
powerful blows. A sledge hammer is sometimes
used to free frozen parts.
 Hammers
Ball peen hammers were
generally used in metal
working, often to harden the
surface by impact. Now they
are used for chisels and
flattening work pieces, as
well as rounding off rivets.
Sometimes referred to as the
“Machinists hammer”.
A framing hammer, or
claw hammer, is the most
commonly used and
recognized hammer. Used
for numerous tasks, this
hammer is most known
for driving nails and
removing nails with the
back, clawbar like
attachment.
• Cross and Straight Peen hammer
-mainly used for shaping metal, the peen can
be at right angles to the handle or parallel
with it. Handles are normally wood.
 Hammers

A rubber mallet is a hammer that has a rubber

head instead of the regular metal head.
Mallets are used for a variety of tasks, but are
often used in place of metal hammers when
working with a material that could be easily
damaged by impacting it with metal. They
are often used in metal work, upholstery work
etc
 Like all tools, hammers can be
Hammers used correctly and incorrectly. In
the picture to the left, we see a
framing hammer being used to
drive a nail. The flat end of your
hammer need to be parallel with
your striking surface to drive the
nail properly and not bend the
nail.
To the right, we see a ball
peen hammer being used.
The photo demonstrates a
correct and incorrect way to
use the hammer for driving.
This can be applied to any
type of hammer.
• CHISELS
• Chisels are used for cutting and shaping wood
accurately.
• Wood chisels are made in various blade
widths, ranging from 3 to 50mm.
• They are also made in different blade lengths.
 firmer chisel:
- it is a general purpose chisel and is used
either by hand pressure or mallet.
- the blade is flat and it is specified by the
width of the blade say 25mm , 20mm etc.
 Dove-tail chisel:
- It has a blade with a bevelled back, due to
which it can enter sharp corners to finish
them, as in dovetail joint
 Paring Chisel:
- These are Firmer or bevelled edge chisels having narrow
thin blade
- It is used for light work.
- They are used primarily for carefully shaving off thin
amounts of wood when fitting joints. The long length
gives maximum control
 Mortise chisel:
- these are used for heavy and deep cuts to remove large
quantity of wood.
-the cross-section of the chisel is proportioned to
withstand heavy blows during mortising.
-the cross section is also made stronger near the shank.
 SCRAPERS
• Scrappers are tools like file or knife which have very
hard cutting edge
• Scrapping means removal of a very thin layer of
metal similar to shaving.
• They are made in variety of lengths from 100mm and
above in many shapes depending on the work to be
executed.
• There are three main types of engineer's scraper
available:
• 1. Flat blade scrapers – for scraping fat surfaces
• 2. Triangular scrapers – for curved surfaces and
corners
• 3. Curved scrapers – for round and curved surfaces
• Flat blade scrapers
• A flat blade scraper consists of a straight flat blade
with a sharpened tip end for scraping. 
• This type of scraper can only be used on flat
surfaces. 
• The sharpened scraping tip is often slightly convex to
help prevent the corners of the scraping surface
causing burrs. 
• Triangular blade scrapers
• Sometimes referred to as 'three corner scrapers', these
scrapers have a long triangular blade that tapers to a
point at the end.
•  They also have three sharp scraping edges and can be
used on both flat and curved surfaces. 
• These types of scraper are mainly used to scrape into
corners and the edges of flat surfaces.
• Curved blade scrapers 
• Also called 'bearing scrapers' or 'half round scrapers.
• they're used for scraping the inside of bearings and
other curved surfaces to achieve a better mating
surface, curved blade scrapers have two sharp edges.
 FILES
Files are used to remove a
small amount of material
from a work face surface.
Files can be used in Wood
working, metal working and
with plastics to create clean
edges, remove burrs and
other imperfections, smooth
sharp edges and remove
excess material in small
amounts. Files come in
numerous sizes and
roughness to work with
different materials.
Files
Files have different types
of rasps and rifflers, or
“patterns” on their surface.
These are used for better
gripping on a material or
for causing a coarser or
finer grind on the material
you are working.

Files are best used in long

strokes, downward from
the piece you are working..
• Flat Files
• Flat files are flat on the top and bottom, but they taper
in both thickness and width along the length.
• The faces carry double cut teeth and the edges carry
single cut teeth.
• It is a general purpose file
• Round Files
• A cylindrical shape distinguishes the round file,
which may taper in thickness along the length with
double cut.
• Round files are used to smooth out concave surfaces
and can be used to sharpen the teeth.
• Hand file
• Rectangular in section and tapered in thickness
but parallel in width.
• The faces carry double cut teeth and one of the
edges single cut.
• It is useful in filing a surface which is at right
angles to an already finished surface.
• Square file
• It is square in section and carry double cut teeth
on all the four faces.
• Used for filing corners and slots
• Triangular file:
• It is triangular in section and tapers towards
the tip.
• The faces are double cut and edges sharp.
• Used for filing angular hole, recesses and
sharpening wood saws.
• Half round file:
• It has one flat and one curved side.
• The flat side is double cut and the curved side
is single cut.
• Useful for file flat surfaces and for curved
surfaces
• Needle file:
• 150 mm long with double cut teeth. Used for
filing corners, grooves, narrow slots etc.
**Single cut files have rows of teeth
running in one direction across their
faces and double cut files have a
second row of teeth cut diagonally to
the first row.
• DRILLS:
• Drill is a tool used to make cylindrical holes by
rotating and pressing the tool against a work
piece.
• Depending on the shape, there are three
types of drills
1. Flat drill
2. Straight fluted drill
3. Twist drill
• Flat drill and straight fluted drill are not
usually used in fitting shop.
• Twist drills of straight shank and taper shank
are commonly used for drilling.
• REAMERS
• A reamer is a rotating cutting tool generally of
cylindrical shape which is used to enlarge and finish
holes to accurate dimensions to previously formed
hole.
• It is a multiple edge cutting tool having the cutting
edge on its periphery.
• Parts of Reamer:-A reamer consists of three mean
parts:
1.     Fluted section
2.     Neck
3.     Shank
• The fluted part consists of chamfer, starting taper, sizing
section and back taper length.
1: Hand Reamer:
• These reamers are operated by hand with a tap
wrench fitted on the sequence of the reamer.
• The work is hold in a vice.
• The flutes may be straight or helical. Shank is
straight with a square tang for the wrench.
2: Machine Reamer:
• These are similar to hand reamer, except that the
shank is tapered.
3: Chucking Reamer:
• These are machine reamers with shorter flutes.
• These are using for heavy roughing cuts.
4: Fluting Reamers:
• The holder are not rigid but are fluting, this permits
the reamer to flow the previously made hole
naturally and without restrained resulting in a better
hole.
5: Expanding Reamers:
• These reamers allow slight increase in their size to
allow for wear to remove an extra amount of
material.
6: Adjustable Reamers:
• In these reamers separate blades are inserted in the
grooves provided in the body of the reamer. The
blades can be moved up or down of the reamer.
7: Tapered Reamers:
• These reamers are used to finish the taper
holes for cutting the taper things used to
secure the collars, pulleys etc to the shaft.
8: Shell Reamers:
• Solid reamers (upto about 20mm diameter or
usually made of Hss) to reduce the cost of
larger reamers the cutting portion is made as
separate shell which are mounted on standard
shanks made of lower cost steel.
• TAPS:
• Tap is used to cut internal threads on a hole.
• It is a screw like tool which has external
threads and flutes
• The taps are usually made in sets of three
numbers.
1. First tap or rougher(taper) – to start threading
2. Second tap or intermediate (plug) – to cut the
thread
3. Bottoming tap or finisher – to finish the thread
TAPS
• V BLOCKS
• V-Blocks are precision metalworking fixtures
 typically used to hold round metal rods or
pipes for performing drilling or milling
operations and for marking measurements
• They consist of a rectangular steel or cast iron
block with a V-groove on one or both sides,
opposite to each other.
• the angle of the "V“ is usually 90-degree.
• They often come with screw clamps to hold
the work. There are also versions with internal
magnets for magnetic work-holding.
V-block
• FACE PLATES:
• It basically consists of a circular disc with a
central threaded hole to fit on the spindle
nose.
• There are radial slots and T-slots to fix the
clamps
• Used to hold work pieces which can’t be held
by centres or chucks.
Face plate
 Wrenches/Spanners
A wrench is a tool that uses
torque to tighten fasteners, in
most cases nuts and bolts.
The wrench is a widely used
tool that comes in many
different varieties and
sizes..it is usually made of
forged steel.
Wrenches are used to install
and remove nuts and bolts.
Wrench size is determined
by measuring across the
wrench jaws.
Wrenches come in both
conventional (inch) and
metric (millimeter) sizes.
The size is stamped on the
side of the wrench.
 Wrenches

PIPE WRENCH: This type

of wrench is adjustable to fit
on multiple sized bolts.
Often times, these wrenches
LUG WRENCH: These are large to grasp bolts or
can come in multiple connectors, especially in
sizes and are often times plumbing. This wrench is
seen in cars to help variable, meaning it can be
remove bolts from tires used on more than one types
as they are easy to grip. of fastener.
 Wrench
Ratcheting Socket Wrench: There
are two parts to this type of
wrench. One is the socket part. A
socket wrench involves a whole
collection of different bits to
different sized bolts. They can be
interchanged on the wrench easily.
The ratcheting part of
the wrench makes it
easier to and faster to
tighten and loosen nuts
and bolts.
 Wrench
Adjustable
Crescent

Above example shows correct usage for wrenches. Remember

that using a tool correctly will keep you safe and help the work
go smoothly. Keeping your wrench perpendicular from the bolt
you are working with will create easier flow during your work.
 Wrench

Torque is equal to the force we are applying times the length of

the lever arm. To increase torque, increase either the length of
your lever arm or the force. An easy way to extend the length of
a lever arm is to slip a pipe over the wrench end.
A. Open-End Wrenches- An open-end wrench has an open jaw on both ends.
Each end is a different size and set at an angle.
B. Box-end Wrenches- Box-end wrenches are completely closed on both ends.
They fully surround and grip the head of the bolt or nut.
C. Combination Wrenches- A combination wrench has a box-end jaw on one
end and an open end on the other. Both ends are usually the same size.
D. Line Wrenches- A line wrench, also called a tubing wrench or flare nut
wrench, is a box-end wrench with a small opening or split in the jaw.
Socket Wrenches
A socket is a cylinder-shaped, box-end tool for removing or
installing bolts and nuts. One end fits over the fastener. The
other end has a square hole that fits on a handle used for
turning.

Different socket types. Note both standard and deep-well

sockets are shown.
 Socket Handles
Socket handles fit into the square opening in the top of the socket. Several
types are shown. A ratchet is the most commonly used. A flex bare, or
breaker bar, is the most powerful and strongest socket handle. A speed handle
is the fastest hand operated socket handle.

Various socket handles. A- Ratchet B- Breaker bar or flex handle. C- Speed handle. D- T-handle E. Torque wrench F-
Flex driver.
Socket Drive Size
A socket’s drive size is the size of the square opening for the handle
Other Wrenches

Allen Wrenches are hexagonal (six sided) shaft type wrench..

It is used to turn set screws on pulleys, gears, and knobs. To
prevent damage make sure the Allen wrench is fully inserted
in the fastener before turning.
 CARPENTRY TOOLS
• 1) METAL JACK PLANE :- Plane is made of wood or
metal. But now a days, a metal jackplane is used in
carpentry. This is the quick adjustable plain. It is 14” in
length. It is used for smoothing as well as removing
rough surfaces quickly to bring in required size of
wooden piece.
• 2) TRY-SQUARE :-
• 3) STEEL RULE :- It is made of steel. millimeter(mm) &
centimeter's (cm) marking marked on one edge and
inches(") marking marked on another edge. It is used
for taking accurate dimensions on the job. It is getting
in the market in length of 6", 12", 24", 1meter &
2meter.
4)Marking Gauge (mortise gauge)
• It is used for for marking lines parallel to a face
or an edge. It's parts is a)Stock b)Stem c)
Thumb screw
• 5)BENCH VICE :- It is used to hold the job while performing
various operations like planing, sawing, chiseling, screwing
etc.
• 6)SAWS:- It is a cutting tool has teeth on one edge relative
to the work piece. There are different types of saw
depending on the shape, size, use and direction of cutting
motion.
• 7)CHISELS :

• 8)MALLET :- It is used for driving chisel handle as well as

assisting in assembling jobs. It is also called as wooden
hammer.
• 9)CLAW HAMMER :- It is used for where heavy
hammering is necessary to drive large nails.
Useful size being 0.45 to 0.57kg. It is also has
claws for extracting nails.
• 10)SCREW DRIVER :- It has an alloy blade or
bar ( flat, round, or square ) and wooden
handle. Common screw drivers used in
carpentry screw drivers for loosing or
tightening the screws.
 SMITHY TOOLS
• Black smith’s work involves heating of a metal
article to a desired temperature enables it to
acquire sufficient plasticity followed by the
operations like hammering, bending and
pressing to give a desired shape.
• All these operations could be carried by hand
hammering, by power hammering or by drop
stamps by forging machines.
• Small jobs are normally heated in the smiths
forge and large jobs in closed furnace
• Tongs
• The work to be forged is generally held with
tongs. The tongs generally used for holding work are
• (1) The tongs are used for general pick up work,
either straight or tapered.
• (2) The straight – lip fluted tong used for square,
circular and hexagonal bar stock.
• (3) The ring tong used for bolts, rivets and other
work of circular section.
• (4) The flat tong used for holding work of
rectangular section.
• METAL SHAPING TOOLS
• Fullers
-Fullers are used for work necking down a piece
of work. They are made in top and bottom tools as in
the case of swages.
• Swages
- to reduce and shape round, square or
hexagonal jobs.
• Flatter
-To level and finish flat surface.
• Set hammer
• - to level and finish corners of flat surfaces
• Chisel
- to cut metal in hot and cold state.
• Punch
- to produce hole in hot state.
• Drift
- to expand the size of a hole after punching.
• Anvil
• The anvil forms a support for black
smiths work when hammering.
• The body of the Anvil is made of cast steel or
wrought iron with hardened plate welded to
the top.
• the horn or beak is used to bend or form
curved shapes
Anvil
• Swage block
• The swage block is used for make
squaring, sizing, heading, bending and forming
operations. It is 0.25m or more wide and may
be used either flat or edge wise in its stand.
• Material: Malleable cast iron.
• Types: 375mm to 400mm square and
100mm high.
Swage block
• Surface plate 
• The surface plate is a massive solid structure,
highly rigid in design which is having a true
flatness of the surface.
• In metrology, the Surface plate is used as a
measuring base or a datum surface for testing
of flatness of surfaces.