Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Scriber
Punches
• These are used for making indentations on the
scribed lines, to make them visible clearly.
These are made of high carbon steel. A punch
is specified by its length and diameter. The
tapered point of the punch is hardened over a
length of 20 to 30mm.
Punches
Calipers
• They are indirect measuring tools used to
measure or transfer linear dimensions. These
are used with the help of a steel Rule to check
inside and outside measurements. These are
made of Case hardened mild steel or
hardened and tempered low carbon steel.
Calipers
Vernier Calipers
• These are used for measuring outside as well
as inside dimensions accurately. It may also be
used as a depth gauge. It has two jaws. One
jaw is formed at one end of its main scale and
the other jaw is made part of a vernier scale.
Vernier Calipers
Micrometer
• It is used for measuring diameters or thickness
of any job.
• The micrometers are available in inches as
well as millimeters. The least cont of the
micrometers generally .001” or .0001” or
.01mm or .05mm.
The Micrometer (Screw gauge)
Cutting Tools
• The Cutting Tools used in Engineering
Workshop are
• Hacksaw (Cutting Tool)
• Files (Finishing Tool): Though it is a finishing
tool, it comes under, cutting tools only.
• Hacksaw:
• A hacksaw is used for cutting rods, bars, pipes,
etc. It consists of a frame, which is made of
mild steel.
• Depending upon the pitch of the teeth
(Distance between the two consecutive
teeth), blades are classified as:
• Coarse (8-14 teeth per Inch)
• Medium (16-20 teeth per inch)
• Fine (24-32 teeth per inch)
Cutting Tools
Hacksaw
Finishing Tools
• They are used to remove the material from
the surface of the workpiece in order to get a
high surface finish. The Finishing tools are also
called Files.
• Files are multi-point cutting tools. They are
used to remove the material by rubbing on
the metals(workpieces) to get a good surface
finish.
Filing is one of the methods of removing small
amounts of material from the surface of a metal part. A
file is hardened steel too, having small parallel rows of
cutting edges or teeth on its surfaces. Classification of
files on the basis of grade:
1. Rough (20 teeth per inch)
2. Bastard (30 teeth per inch)
3. second cut (40 teeth per inch)
4. Smooth file (50-60 teeth per inch)
5. Dead smooth (100 teeth per inch)
Finishing Tools: Files
Files are classified according to their shape, cutting
teeth and pitch or grade of the teeth. The figure shows
the various types of files based on their shape. Single
and double cut files.
• Files are available in a number of sizes, shapes,
and degrees of coarseness.
• The various types of Files are as follows.
• Flat file
• Square file
• Triangular file
• Round file
• Half-round file
• Swiss or Needle file
• Flat File:
• This file is used to remove the material from
the rectangular cross-sections.
• Square File:
• This file is especially used to remove the
material from the inside corners which are at
right angles. As a flat file cannot able to work
at those corners, thereby square file is used.
• Triangular File:
• This file can be used at inclined positions to
make them linear.
• Round File:
• It is in the form of a circular cross-section
which is used to remove the material from the
circular components to get a good surface
finish.
• Half-Round File:
• It is in the form of a semi-circle that is used to
remove the material from the semi-circular
cross-section components.
Types of files
Chisels
• Chisels are used for removing surplus metal or for
cutting thin sheets. These tools are made from
0.9% to 1.0% carbon steel of octagonal or
hexagonal section. Commonly used form of
chisels are flat, cross cut, half round and diamond
point chisel.
• Cutting angle of chisels kept as under:
• for hard material-70 to 75 degree
• For medium hard materials- 60 degree
• For soft materials- 40degree
Chisels
Striking tools
• The Three Types of striking tools used in fitting
workshops are as follows.
• BALL PEEN HAMMER
• Cross-peen hammer
• STRAIGHT PEEN HAMMER
Hammers are named depending on their shape
and material and specified by their weight. The
hammer consists of a hardened and tempered
steel head varying in mass from 0.1 kg to about 1
kg, firmly fixed on a tough wooden handle.
STRIKING TOOLS:
BALL PEEN HAMMER
CROSS AND STRAIGHT PEEN HAMMER
SCREW DRIVER: A screw driver is designed to turn
screws. The blade is made of steel and is available in
different lengths and diameters. The end of the blade is
fluted. Screw driver is specified by its length, for
example 100 mm, 200 mm, etc.
Spanners:
A spanner or wrench is a tool for turning nuts and bolts. It is usually made of
forged steel. There are many kinds of spanners. They are named according to the
application. The size of the spanner denotes the size of the bolt on which it can work.
Taps and Tap Wrenches
• A tap is a hardened steel tool, used for cutting
internal threads after drilling a hole. Hand
taps are usually supplied in sets of three for
each diameter and thread pitch. Each set
consists of a taper tap, intermediate tap and
plug or bottom tap. The following are the
stages involved in tapping operation:
Taps and tap wrench:
Fitting Shop: Fitting job Procedure
• Taking Two Work Piece of Mild Steel Material
with Dimensions 50mm X 50mm.
• Making Right angle all the sides of work piece
with the use of Rough & Fine Files and
Measure it with Tri Square
• Marking Drawing on work piece and do
• punching on Drawing of work pieces.
• Start Cutting as per punching with slowly and
ensure that your cut goes through out the
length of Marking.
• Cut All the marked pieces.
• File all the sides and do as it is in other work
pieces. File it and match it.
• Punch Roll No. on Works pieces.