DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Arba P. Ramadani
 Basic processes
Ingestion Secretion

Mixing&propulsion

digestion Absorption
THE GI SYSTEM HORMON
HORMON
BRAIN
MOUTH PAROTID
SALIVARY GLAN
FOOD
SUBLINGUAL
AND TRACHEA
SUBMANDIBULAR
SALIVARY GLANDS VOLUNTARY

INVOLUNTARY

LIVER
STOMACH
GALLBLADDER

PANCREAS

SMALL INTESTINE

LARGE INTESTINE

RECTUM ANUS
 Layer of the GI tract
GI tract wall has same basic from lower
esophagus  anal canal
Mucosa

Submucosa

Layers

Muscularis
Serosa
 Organs

Accessories

GI tract
 THE GI DIAGRAM

Heart
Liver

Hepatic
Stomach Portal vein
Mouth
ABSORPTION Anus
Vitamin K Rectum
Vitamin Air, Elektrolit
Karbonhidrat Protein
enzim asam, dll Mineral C, D, B2, B12, dll FLATUS
Lipid Pembentukan
Food and Gas CO2, Metana, dll
water
SECRETION FECES
Aktifitas
Salivary glands BAKTERI
Small intestine
Large intestine
MOTILITY
 Mouth
●
cheek
Oral cavity ●
Hard&soft -palate

Salivary ●
parotid, submandibular,
gland sublingual

Saliva:99.5% water+0.5% solutes

Saliva
●

(ion, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, PO42- )

 Mouth
parasympathetic,
●

Salivation sympathetic, feel&taste food

Mechanica ●
mastication, bolus
l
salivary amylase, lingual
●

Chemical lipase
 NAMES AND LOCATION OF
THE MAJOR SALIVARY GLAND IN THE H

Parotid duct
Parotid gland

Sublingual
gland

Submandibular gland
Pharynx

 throat
 oropharynx &
laryngopharynx
 respiratory
& digestive
function
Esophagus
 Secrete mucus &
transport food into
the stomach
 Deglution-
esophageal stage-
peristalsis
 Sphincter-upper
& lower
esophageal
 MOVEMENTS OF FOOD THROUGH THE
AND UPPER ESOPHAGUS DURING SWA
Hard Palate Soft Palate

Pharynx

Epiglottis

Upper
esophageal
Tongue sphincter

Esophagus
 Stomach
Function:
• Mixes saliva, food, & gastric juice – chyme
• Reservoir for food
• Secrete gastric juice – HCl, pepsin, intrinsic factor,
gastric lipase
• Secrete gastrin into blood
 THE THREE REGIONS OF THE STOMACH
FUNDUS, BODY, AND ATRIUM

Esophagus
Fundus

Body
(secretes mucus
Pepsinogen and HCI)

Duodenum

Atrium
(secretes mucus
Pyloric Pepsinogen and gastr
sphincter
PERISTALTIC WAVES
CONTRIBUTE TO Esophagus
THE ANTRAL CONTENTS
Lower
Esophageal
sphincter

Duodenum

Pyloric
sphincter

Stomach
Peristaltic
wave
Mechanical
Mixing wave
Chemical
HCl, pepsinogen, gastric lipase
Stomach emptying
2-4 hours after meals
Sphincter: cardia &pyloric
 denatures protein, stimulate
●

HCl secretion of hormone

Pepsinog +HCl – pepsin – break down

●

protein into peptide fragment

en
Gastric splits short chain TG FA &
●

monoglycerides
lipase
 Pancreas
• Retroperitoneal gland
• Pancreatic juice & pancreatic islets
• Pancreatic juice (inactive form)
 Pancreatic amylase
 Trypsinogen – trypsin
 Chymotrypsinogen – chymotrypsin
 Procarboxypeptidase – carboxypeptidase
 Proelastase – elastase
 Pancreatic lipase
 Ribonuclease
 Deoxyribonuclease
 Liver & Gallbladder
• Liver – heaviest gland of the body, right &
left lobe
• Gallbladder – pear-shaped sac, posterior
surface of the liver
• Component:
 Hepatocyte
 Bile canaliculi
 Hepatic sinusoid
 Function of the liver
• Carbohydrate metabolism - normal blood glucose
• Lipid metabolism - store TG, break down FA,
synthesize lipoproteins & cholesterol
• Protein metabolism – deaminate AA, synthesize
most plasma proteins
• Processing of drugs & hormones – detoxify
• Excretion of bilirubin
• Synthesis of bile salt
• Storage – glycogen, vitamins, minerals
• Phagocytosis – aged RBC, WBC, bacteria
• Activation of vitamin D
 Small intestine
• Most digestion & absorption of nutrients occur
• Special structure – circular folds, villi, microvilli
• 3 regions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
• Epithelial layer – absorptive cells, goblet cells, paneth
cells
• Intestinal juice – contains water & mucus, aids the
absorption
• Brush border enzymes  carbohydrate, protein,
nucleotide-digesting enzymes
• Chyme remains for 3-5 hours
http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/small_intestine.html
Small intestine – mechanical digestion

Segmentation
Mixing mucous & enzyme
Slow peristaltic contraction
Encourage absorption
Local contraction
No CNS involvement
Small intestine – chemical digestion

Carbohydrate
s Proteins Lipids
 Absorp
tion

Glucos
Others e

FA AA
 Large Intestine
Function:
 Completion of absorption
 Production of certain vitamins
 Formation of feces
 Expulsion of feces

Chyme remain for 3-10 hours feces

Defecation -- distention of rectum stimulates
sigmoid colon and smooth muscle of rectal
wall  relaxation of internal sphincter muscle
(autonomic nerve)

Defecation conducts when external sphincter

muscle is relaxed
http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/19220Largeintestine.html
Phase of digestion

Cephalic Gastric

Intestine
 Regulate appetite hormones
• Ghrelin – absence of food, stimulate appetite
• Peptide YY – response to a meal, inhibit
appetite

Work on the brain to help regulate food intake