PHC411

HUMAN ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY

SESSION 3

PART A: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Objectives

By the end of the laboratory session you should be able to:

1. use the dissections and models in the lab, learn how to identify all the lymphatic

structures listed in the section Structures to identify in the lab

2. be able to recognize lymph nodes, and to identify the sinuses on the slide

3. be able to recognize the one-way valves on the slide of a lymphatic vessel

Structures to Identify in the Lab

Lymphatic ducts:
Right Lymphatic Duct

Thoracic Duct

cisterna chyli

lymphatic vessels

Major lymph nodes:

cervical

axillary

inguinal

Accessory organs & structures:

thymus

spleen

tonsils; pharyngeal (adenoids), palatine, lingual

l acteals

Lymphatic system

1. The Components of the Lymphatic System

Cervical lymph nodes

Thoracic duct

Right lymphatic duct

Tonsil
Axillary lymph nodes

Lymphatics of mammary gland Thymus

Spleen
Lymphatic of upper limb Mucosa-associated

Cisterna chyli lymphoid tissue(MALT)in

digestive,respiratory,urinary
and reproductive tracts

Lumbar lymph nodes

Pelvic lymph nodes

Inguinal lymph nodes

Lymphatics of lower limb Appendix

2. Lymph Node Structure

Germinal
Afferent center in

follicle
lymphatic

vessels Capsule

Subcapsular

sinus

Trabeculae

Afferent Efferent
lymphatic lymphatic

vessels vessels

Hilus

Cortex

Medullary sinus
Follicle Medullary cord

PART B: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Objectives

By the end of the laboratory session you should be able to:

1. use the dissections in the lab, learn how to identify all the digestive structures listed in

the section Structures to identify in the lab.

2. be able to recognize the structural differences and modifications that occur along the
length of the gut tube.

3. understand the functional significance of increased surface area and identify the

structures that contribute to this

4. understand one of the enzyme activities that involved in digestive system.

Structures to identify in the lab

Oral cavity and pharynx

Oral cavity

Hard palate

Soft palate
Uvula

Tongue

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Gut tube proper

Esophagus

Stomach

Greater curvature

Lesser curvature

Gastric rugae

Pyloric sphincter
Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Circular folds

Cecum
Vermiform appendix

Ascending colon

Transverse colon

Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

Semilunar folds

Taenia coli

Omental or fatty appendices

Rectum

Glandular organs

Liver

Gall bladder
Pancreas

Digestive system

1. Human Digestive Organs

Mouth (oral cavity)

Parotid gland
Sublingual gland Salivary glands

Tongue
Submandibular

Esophagus Pharynx

Stomach

Liver
Pancreas

Spleen

Gallbladder
Transverse colon

Duodenum
Small Descending colon

intestine Jejunum
Ascending colon
Ileum

Cecum Large intestine

Sigmoid colon
Rectum

Appendix
Anus

Analcanal

2. Anatomy of the Oral Cavity

Soft palate

Palatoglossal arch
Uvula

Hard palate Upper lip

Gingivae
Superior labial
(gums)

Oral cavity frenulum

Palatine raphe Palatoglossal

Palatine tonsil Hard palate arch

Tongue Soft palate Palatopharyngeal

Oropharynx Uvula
arch
Lingual tonsil Palatine Posterior wall of

oropharynx
Epiglottis tonsil

Tongue
Hyoid bone Sublingual fold

with openings
Lingual frenulum
Laryngopharynx

of sublingual Opening of
ducts submandibular duct

Gingivae (gums)
Esophagus Vestibule

Lower lip Inferior labial

Trachea
frenulum

3. Anatomy of the Stomach

Cardia

Fundus

Esophagus

Muscularis externa Serosa

Longitudinal layer

Circular layer
Oblique layer Body

Lesser Rugae of
curvature mucosa

Pylorus

Greater

curvature

Pyloric
Pyloric
Duodenum sphincter Pyloric antrum

(valve) canal

4. Anatomy of Intestinum (Small and Large Intestine)

Intestinal Lymphoid

Villi gland Lacteal

nodule

Submucosal artery
and vein

Mucosa
Muscularis mucosae

Lymphatic vessel

Submucosal plexus
Submucosa

Circular layer of

smooth muscle

Muscularis
externa Myenteric plexus

Serosa Longitudinal layer of

smooth muscle

Left colic
Right colic

(hepatic)
(splenic) flexure

flexure Transverse

Transverse colon
mesocolon

Epiploic
appendages

Superior
mesenteric artery

Descending

Haustrum colon

Ascending colon Cut edge of

mesentery
Ileum

Teniae coli

Ileocecal valve

Sigmoid
Cecum

colon

Vermiform appendix Rectum

Anal canal External anal sphincter

PART C: ENZYME ACTIVITY

Effects of Temperature

1. Work in groups of 3 or 4 (write your group number on your data sheet)

2. Collect 1 ml of saliva in the 10 ml graduate cylinder provided (don t count foam).

3. Take 8 of the test tubes at your counter and label each as below:

a. 0º C

b. 37º C = Experimental Tubes

c. 100º C

d. C = Control Tubes

4. Gently shake the bottle of starch then place 2 ml of starch and 1 ml of DI water in one

of the control tubes and 3 ml of DI water in the other using the plastic disposable

pipettes, add 5 drops of Iodine (IKI) solution to both tubes and note the reactions:
Iodine (Lugols) is an indicator for the presence of starch. Iodine is normally

a yellowish orange liquid. When added to the tube with water this should

be the

color you see, ie. No reaction. When starch is present and iodine is added, the
solution will turn dark blue to black, this is a positive test for starch. Save

these control tubes for comparison to your experimental tubes at the end of

the experiment.

5. Dilute the saliva mixture in the graduate cylinder by adding DI water up to the 10 ml

line.
Swirl to mix.

6. Use a clean disposable plastic pipette to add 1 ml of the saliva mixture to each of

the 6 experimental test tubes.

7. Place the tubes at the designated temperatures as labeled: 2 in the ice; 2 in the 37º

water bath, and 2 in the beaker of boiling water (use test tube clamps) at your
counter. Allow all tubes to incubate about 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, add 2 ml of

starch solution (when the dropper in the starch bottle is half full it contains about 1

ml) to each of the 6 test tubes being incubated at the three temperatures (do not

remove them from the temperatures) and note the time. Gently swirl each tube after

adding the starch.

8. Continue to incubate tubes at their designated temperatures for exactly 2 minutes.

9. Remove the tubes from incubation and return to your test tube rack at your table

and immediately add 5 drops of the iodine indicator to all 6 tubes, gently swirl, and

note the

color of each. Use the scale below to record the color change on your data sheet:
Negative ( ) mark = yellow or no change, same color as the negative control

tube

One plus (+) mark = very slight hint of blue or black

Two plus (++) mark = distinct change in color to blue or black

Three plus (+++) = same color as the positive control tube with starch

Effects of pH

1. Collect three additional test tubes and label them 4, 7, and 10

2. Place 2ml of the appropriate pH buffer solution (pH = 4,7,10, respectively) into

each of the tubes.

3. Add 1ml of the saliva mixture to each tube, swirl to mix

4. Add 2ml of starch to each tube, gently swirl the tubes to mix, and note the time

5. Allow the tubes to incubate at room temperature for exactly 2 minutes.

6. Immediately add 5 drops of the iodine indicator to all 3 tubes and note the color

change as you did above. Record the information on your data sheet.

Review Questions

1. What exactly is the reaction you are investigating; include substrate, enzyme &

product?

2. Explain how the iodine indicator can show you whether the enzyme was working or

not (be specific)?

3. Which temperature produced the greatest enzyme activity? Is this what you expected?

Why or why not.

Presence of starch Presence of starch

Temperature Tube No
(+/-) (Total of +

0C 1

37 C 1

100 C 1
2

4. At which pH did you get the greatest enzyme activity? Explain.

pH Presence of starch (+/-)

4
7

10

5. Based on where the enzyme, amylase, is found in the body, do your results from

these two experiments make sense? Explain.

6. Name 3 other specific enzymes used by the body and describe or diagram the

reaction that each facilitates.

PART D: URINARY SYSTEM

Objectives

By the end of the laboratory session you should be able to:

1. use the dissections and models in the lab, learn how to identify all the

urinary structures listed in the section Structures to Identify in the Lab.

2. be able to orient a kidney as it would appear in situ (in the body). Distinguish a

right from left kidney.

Structures to identify in the lab

Principal organ

Kidney

Regions of the Kidney

Cortex

Medulla

Renal pyramid

Renal column

Urinary tubes

Minor calyces

Major calyces

Renal pelvis
Ureter

Urinary bladder

Urethra

The following urinary tubes are microscopic and must be identified on the models in the
lab.

Glomerular capsule

Proximal convoluted tubule

Nephron ansa
Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting tubule

Urinary vessels

Renal artery
Renal vein

Segmental artery

Segmental vein

Interlobar artery

Interlobar vein

The following urinary vessels are microscopic and must be identified on the models in the

lab.

Arcuate artery

Arcuate vein
Interlobular artery

Interlobular vein

Afferent glomerular arteriole

Glomerulus
Efferent glomerular arteriole

Peritubular capillaries

1. Human Urinary System

Renal artery

Hepatic veins (cut)

Inferior vena cava

Adrenal gland
Renal hilum

Aorta Renal vein

Kidney

Iliac crest

Ureter

Rectum(cut)

Urinary bladder

Urethra

2. Anatomy of the Kidney

Cortical radiate vein

Cortical radiate artery

Arcuate vein

Renal column Arcuate artery

Interlobar vein

Interlobar artery

Segmental arteries

Renal cortex

Renal artery

Renal vein
Minor calyx

Renal pelvis

Major calyx
Renal pyramid

Ureter

Fibrous capsule

3. Anatomy of the Bladder and Urethra (Male and Female)

Peritoneum

Ureter

Rugae
Detrusor

Adventitia

Ureteric orifices

Trigone of bladder

Bladder neck

Internal urethral sphincter

Prostate Trigone

Prostatic urethra

Intermediate part of the urethra

External urethral sphincter

Urogenital diaphragm Urethra

External urethral

orifice

Spongy urethra

Erectile tissue of
penis

External urethral

orifice

PART E: HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1. Male Reproductive System

Vertebral

Urinary column

bladder

Ureter
Pubic

symphysis

Ductus
Rectum

deferens Seminal

vesicle

Penis Ejaculatory

duct

Erectile Prostate
tissue Anus gland

Bulbourethral
Urethra

gland

Epididymis

Testis

Scrotum

2. Female Reproductive System

Suspensory
ligament of ovary

Peritoneum

Infundibulum
Perimetrium

Uterine tube

Ovary
Fimbriae

Uterosacral
ligament Uterus

Round ligament

Rectouterine
pouch Vesicouterine pouch

Urinary bladder

Rectum
Pubic symphysis

Posterior fornix Mons pubis

Cervix Urethra

Anterior fornix
Clitoris

Vagina
External urethral orrifice

Anus
Hymen

Urogenital diaphragm
Labium minus

Greater vestibular
Labium majus

gland

3. Anatomy of the Ovary

Tunica Granulosa cells

Oocyte

albuginea
Late secondary follicle

Cortex
Degenerating corpus Mesovarium and

luteum (corpus albicans) blood vessels

Germinal Vesicular follicle

epithelium (Graafian)

Primary
follicles Antrum

Oocyte

Ovarian Zona

ligament pellucida
Theca
Medulla folliculi
Ovulated
oocyte
Corpus luteum Developing Corona
corpus luteum radiata