The Digestive System

Andi Ansharullah
Department of Anatomy-Histology
Brawijaya University Faculty of Medicine
 Topic
 The Digestive System and The Functions
 Oral Cavity ( Cavum oris )
 Teeth ( Dentis )
 Tongue ( Lingua)
 Saliva & Salivatory Glands ( Saliva et Glandula salivatorius )
 Pharynx
 The Digestive Tract ( Tractus digestivus )
 Esophagus ( Oesophagus )
 Stomach ( Gaster )
 Duodenum and Pancreas
 Small and Large Intestine ( Intestinum tenue et crassum )
 Liver ( Hepar )
 Spleen ( Lien )
1. The Digestive System
and Its Functions
 The Digestive System and The Functions
Cavum Oris, Dentis, Lingua
• Break up food by chewing
• Lubricates with saliva
• Regulates temperature
• Initiate swallowing

Glandula Salivatorius
Secretion of lubricating fluid containing
Enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates

Pharynx
Muscular propulsion of bolus to Gaster

Oesophagus
Transport to the Gaster

Gaster
• Chemical of materials by acid & enzymes
• Mechanical processing by muscular contr.
 Hepar
• Secretion of Bile
• Storage of nutrients

Vesica fellea
• Storage & Concentration of Bile

Pancreas
Intestinum Tenue
• Exocrine cells secrete
• Enzymatic digestion
enzymes
• Absorption
• Endocrine cells secrete
hormones
Intestinum Crassum
• Digestion and Compaction of indigestible materials
2. Cavum Oris

1. Borders & Parts

2. The Teeth ( dentis )
3. The Tongue ( lingua )
4. The Salivatory Glands ( gld. salivatorius )
1. Cavum oris propria
( The Proper Oral Cavity )

 Ventrolateral : Arcus dentalis & pars alveolaris

mandibulae - maxillare
 Dorsal : Isthmus faucium
 Cranial : Palatum
 Caudal : Diaphragma oris
 Content : Lingua
Cavum Oris Propria

Palatum

Isthmus faucium

Arcus dentalis
LINGUA
Diaphragma oris
2. The Teeth ( Dentis )

I1 I 2
C
PM1
PM2
M1

M2
M3

Adult Human : 32 teeth  8 Incicives, 4 caninus, 8 premolars, 12 molars

3. Lingua
Plica epiglottica lateralis
Epiglottis
Vallecula
Plica glossoepiglottica mediana Arcus palatopharyngea

Arcus palatoglossus
Radix
Foramen caecum
Tonsilla palatina Papilla vallatae
Tonsilla lingualis Papilla foliatae

Papilla filiformis
Corpus
Papilla fungiformis
Sulcus terminalis
• divided into 3 parts : radix,corpus,apex
• 2 tonsils
• 4 papillae
Apex
• 2 arches
 Ring of Waldeyer

 Ring of tonsils surrounding the oropharynx

 Formed by :
 Tonsilla palatina dextra  right part of isthmus faucium
 Tonsilla pharyngica ( Adenoid ) dorsal wall of
oropharynx
 Tonsilla palatina sinistra  left part of isthmus faucium
 Tonsilla lingualis  at the base of the tongue
 4. The Salivatory Glands

M. buccinatoria

M. Masseter

M. Preygoideus medialis 1
3
1. Glandula Parotis 2
2. Glandula Submandibularis
3. Glandula Sublingualis
Openings of the Salivatory Glands
 Gld. Parotis : Ductus parotidicus
Stenoni  at the level of Upper
Molar 2)

 Gld. Submandibularis : papilla

sublingualis  right and left side of
frenulum linguae

 Gld.sublingualis:
 10-30 openings

 Open into plica sublingualis

3.The Pharynx &
Oesophagus
 Cavum nasi Gld.parotis
Nasopharynx
Palatum molle

Cavum oris Dorsum linguae

Oropharynx
Epiglottis
Cavum laryngis

Laryngopharynx

Oesophagus
Pharynx ( posterior view )
 Palatum molle
uvula
Arcus palatopharingica
Recessus pyriformis Tonsilla palatina
ORO
PHARYNX
Dorsum linguae

Epiglottis LARYNGO
PHARYNX
Tuberculum cuneiforme
Plica aryepiglottica Tuberculum corniculatum
Plica interarythenoidea
Oesophagus

 Extend from Pharynx to Gaster

 Located in the posterior wall of thorax cavity
 Tube like of strong muscles
 Deliver the bolus to gaster by peristaltic
movement through the esophageal sphincter
4. The Abdomen

•The Wall
• The Cavity
• The Organs
 The Abdominal Wall
 Cutan
 Subcutan  Fascia abdominis superficialis
 Muscles and its fasciae
a. M. obliquus abdominis externus
b. M. obliquus abdominis internus
c. M. Transversus abdominis
d. M. Rectus abdominis  anterior abdominal wall
 Fascia Transversalis
 Peritoneum Parietalis
 Kutan

M.Latissimus dorsi

Subkutan
M.Serratus anterior
(Fascia Superficialis )
• Fascia Camperi  fatty layer
• Fascia Scarpae  membranous layer

M.Obliquus abdominis externus

SUPERFICIAL
VENTRAL WALL
 M.o.a.externus
M. Rectus abdominis
M. Intercostalis externus

Linea alba

M. Obliquus abdominis internus Inscriptiones tendinea

M.Pyramidalis

INTERMEDIATE
VENTRAL WALL
M.Transversus abdominis

ventral
Rectus sheath
dorsal Linea arcuata

A/V epigastrica inferior

Peritoneum parietalis

DEEP VENTRAL WALL

Above linea arcuata /
2/3 cranial ventral abdomen)

Below linea arcuata /

1/3 caudal ventral abdomen
Peritoneum & Its Derivates

 Peritoneum parietalis
 Cavum Peritonei , divided into :
 Saccus major ( Cavum perit. s.s. ) ventral gas
 Saccus minor ( Bursa Omentalis ) dorsal gast
 The two is connected through Foramen Winslo
 Peritoneum visceralis :
 Omentum
 Mesenterium
 Bare Area ( pars affixa hepatis )

Omentum minus Bursa omentalis

Saccus major

Omentum majus
1. Omentum
 Omentum minus SM
2 folds of peritoneum
visceralis between
curvatura minor
H
gaster & hepar Sm
 Omentum majus (BO)
Om G
4 folds of peritoneum
visceralis arise from
curvatura major OM
distally I
 2. Mesenterium
 Mesogastrium Ventralis Ventral
MV
Mesenterium Ventralis : CP
1. Lig. Falciformehepatis G
MD


 2. Omentum minus
( lig. gastro- hepatica )
 3. Lig. Triangulare hepatis
 4. Lig. Coronaria hepatis 1
H 2
 Mesogastrium Dorsalis
CP CP 3
G
Mesenterium Dorsalis : 4
 5. Lig. Gastrolienalis L 5
 6. Lig. Gastrophrenica 6
Dorsal
The Digestive Tract
 Extend from the mouth to the anus, ± 11 m
 Consists of :
 Oesophagus

 Gaster

 Intestinum Tenue ( ± 7 m )
• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum
 Intestinum crassum ( ± 1,5 m )
• caecum & appendix
• colon ascendens, teransversum, descendens,
sigmoid, rectum
Gaster
Fundus gastrica

Corpus

Canalis gastricus
Sphincter pylori
( Maagenstrasse ) Curvatura minor
Duodenum pars superior
( Ampulla duodeni ) Pylorus

Curvatura major

Rugae gastrica )
 Ductus choledochus

1 P
Ductus pancreaticus minor Santorini
2 Ductus pancreaticus major Wirsungi

4
Papilla Vateri

Plica circularis Kekringi LAYERS

A
A. Pars musc.longitudinalis B
B. Pars musc.circularis
C PARTS
C. Submucosa & Gld.Brunneri

D D. Mucosa
Ligamentum Treitz
 Muscle to suspend duodenum
 Location : terminal part of flexura duodeno jejunalis
 Consists of :
 Skeletal muscle from the diaphragm circling the Hiatus
Oesophagicus to connective tissue around A. coeliaca
 Smooth muscle ( innervated by autonomic nerve system )
 Lobus Hepatis  Fissura sagitalis sinistra
( Aspectus posterior )  1a. Lig.venosum

 1b. Lig. teres hepatis 

1a Ca 2a Obliterated V.umbilicalis, and

S 3 D s.s. Lig.falciforme hepatis 
1b Q 2b encloses/suspends the lig.teres
 Fissura sagitalis dextra
 2a. V.cava caudalis

• Lobus sinister  2b. Vesica fellea

• Lobus dexter :  Porta Hepatis (3) :

• Lobus dexter s.s.  Ventral : Ductus Hepaticus comm.
• Lobus centralis :  Middle : Arteria Hepatica propria
• Lobus caudatus  Dorsal : Vena Porta
• Lobus quadratus
 Lig. coronaria Lig.triangulare

S
Lig. Falciforme hepatis
ASPECTUS
D
ANTERIOR
Lig. Teres hepatis ( round lig/
Obliterasi V. umbilicalis )

V.Cava inferior

ASPECTUS C Fissura sagitalis dextra

POSTERIOR S
Porta Hepatis
D s.s. • Ductus hepaticus comm.
Lig. venosum
• A. hepatica propria
Q • V. porta
Fissura sagitalis sinistra Vesica Fellea

Lig.falciforme hepatis Lig. Teres hepatis

 1

V. Gastrica dextra 1
2 V. Gastrica sinistra

V. PORTA HEPATICA

V. Mesenterica superior
V. lienalis

4 V. Mesenterica inferior

PORTO-CAVAL ANASTOMOSES
1. Esophageal  Varices Oesophagus
2. Paraumbilical  Caput Medusae
3. Rectal  Harmorhoid interna
4. Retroperitoneal 3
• Caput , Corpus, Cauda pancreatica

• Ductus pancreaticus major Wirsungi  opens through

papilla duodenalis major into duodenum pars descendens

• Ductus pancreaticus minor Santorini  opens through

papilla duodenalis minor into duodenum pars desecendens
Flexura colica/hepatica dextra Flexura colica/lienalis sinistra
Taenia omentalis

Appendices epiploicae

Taenia mesocolica
Plica semilunaris Haustra

Taenia libera