Tugas Presentasi

1. Perbedaan C1 sampai C7

• A. The 3rd–6th vertebrae are “typical”

cervical vertebrae; the 1st, 2nd, and 7th
are “atypical.”
• B, C. Illustration and radiograph of
articulated cervicalvertebrae.
• D. Typical cervical vertebra
demonstrating a rectangular body with
articular unci (uncinate processes) on its
lateral aspects, a triangular vertebral
foramen, a bifid spinousprocess, and
foramina transversaria.
1. Perbedaan C1 sampai C7
• There are three atypical cervical vertebrae
• 1. The C1 vertebra or atlas: a ring-like, kidney-shaped bone lacking a spinous
• process or body and consisting of two lateral masses connected by anterior
• and posterior arches. Its concave superior articular facets receive the
• occipital condyles.
• 2. The C2 vertebra or axis: a peg-like den (odontoid process) projects superiorly
• from its body.
• 3. The vertebra prominens (C7): so-named because of its long spinous process,
• which is not bifid. Its transverse processes are large, but its foramina
• transversaria are small.
No.2 Penamaan Atlas dan Axis
• C1 is called the atlas. It supports the head and is named for the Greek
god Atlas who was condemned to support the earth and its heavens on
his shoulders. (Because the god Atlas often adorned maps, a
compilation of maps came to be known as an atlas).
• C2 is called the axis because the atlas rotates about the odontoid
process of C2. The joint between the atlas and axis is a pivot that
allows the head to turn.
3. Pengertian Conus Medullaris
• the conus medullaris is the distal tapering end of the spinal cord. It is continuous with the epiconus (L4 to S1
segments) superiorly and consists of S2 to S5 as well as the coccygeal segments.[4] The pia mater of the
tapering end of the conus continues downward as the filum terminale, which is a delicate strand of fibrous
tissue about 20 cm in length. This structure serves to stabilize the spinal cord by connecting the conus to the
coccyx via the coccygeal ligament. The lumbosacral nerve roots continue inferiorly to this as the cauda equina.
On average, the conus terminates at the middle third of the L1 vertebra but can be located as high as the middle
third of the T11 vertebra or as low as the middle third of L3 vertebra. On cross-section, the left and right halves
are found to be separated by the ventral median fissure and posterior median sulcus. According to Grogan et al.,
on computed tomogram (CT) imaging, the conus appears oval in shape, with an anterior sulcus and posterior
promontory.[5] The length of the anteroposterior diameter is 5 to 8 mm, and that of the transverse diameter is 8
to 11 mm. The ventriculus terminalis or the fifth ventricle is an incidentally found asymptomatic cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) containing ependymal lined cavity within the conus which is formed during embryogenesis and
regresses in early childhood.[5] Sometimes, this benign imaging finding may be mistaken for a cystic neoplasm
or syringohydromyelia. 
• The conus medullaris give rise to the lumbar sympathetic, sacral somatic and sacral parasympathetic nerves
which continue downward within the cauda equina. These nerves have important functions which can be
impaired by injury or ischemia.
Refrensi

• Netter. Netter's Concise Orthopaedic Anatomy. Philadelphia,

PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2010.
• Nene Y, Jilani TN. Neuroanatomy, Conus Medullaris. [Updated 2020
Aug 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls
Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545227/