Sports Physiology

I. Definition
1. Muscle Performance
a. Capacity of muscle to do work
b. Formula: force x distance
c. 3 key elements: SEP
i. Strength
1. Ability of the muscle to generate tension
2. Greatest measurable force exerted by a muscle in a single maximum effort (kisner)
3. To Improve: ↑ Load, ↓ repetitions
ii. Endurance
1. Ability of the muscle to do low intensity, sustained repetitive actions for a given period
of time
2. To Improve: ↑ reps, ↓ load
iii. Power
1. Rate of doing work
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2. Formula: 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
3. Related to strength and speed
4. Ex: Plyometrics
2. Fatigue
a. Muscle/Local Fatigue
i. Happens when there is decrease muscle performance response after repetitive act
ii. There is a presence of substitute motion/jerky contractions
b. Cardiopulmonary Fatigue
i. Generalized body system exhaustion
3. Exercise Induced Muscle Soreness
a. Acute muscle soreness
i. Pain in the muscle felt during/immediately after exercise
ii. Cause: ↑ metabolites (CO2 + Lactic Acid)
iii. Temporary & usually relieved by cooldown ex
b. Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
i. Onset: 12 to 24 hours
ii. Peak: 24 to 48 hours (1-2 days)
iii. Cause: Microtrauma
iv. Mx: prevent eccentric exercises; promote concentric exercises
4. Overtraining
a. Refers to a decrease muscle/physical performance after high intensity exercise
b. Cause: lack of rest interval, too rapid progression
5. Physical Activity (PBEQ)
a. Any activities that increases energy expenditure
6. Physical Fitness
a. Attributes of an individual as a result of physical activity
7. Principles of Exercise
a. Overload Principle
i. Principle behind muscle hypertrophy
ii. To increase muscle performance, the intensity should exceed the metabolic capacity of an
individual
b. SAID Principle – Specific Adaptation to/on Imposed Demands
i. Specific training should result to specific training effect
ii. “Task Specific”
c. Reversibility Principle/Detraining Principle
i. There will be decrease in muscle performance after 1-2 weeks of no training

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II. Metabolic System

ATP-CP System Glycogen Lactic Acid System Aerobic System
AKA Phosphagen Energy System Anaerobic System
Fuel Source Phosphocreatine Carbs Carbs, Fats, Proteins
# of ATP 4 Molecules of ATP/min 2.5 Molecules of ATP/min 1 Molecule of ATP/min
Guyton: 8-10 sec Guyton: 1.3-1.6 minutes
Duration Long Periods
Kisner: <30 sec Kisner: 30-90 sec
Type of Prolonged Contraction
Short Maximum Burst Short Moderate
Contraction Sustained repetitive
“Will Jump & dive for 100m” “4-1 T-shirts” “John can make 10000m skating”
Weight Lifting
400m dash Jogging
Jumping
100m swim Cross Country Skiing
Diving
Tennis Marathon Running
Football dash
Activity Soccer 10000 meter skating
100 meter dash
2 Balls & a hockey
Basketball
Baseball
Hockey

III. Benefits of Exercise

1. General Benefits

I nsulin Sensitivity
F at Metabolism

↑ L actic Acid Removal

O xygen consumption
S torage of Nutrients

2. Skeletal Muscle
a. Muscle Hypertrophy
i. ↑ in cross sectional area of a muscle
ii. Achieves within 6-8 weeks (PBEQ – Giles)
iii. Maximum Contractile Force of a Muscle/Absolute Muscle Strength
𝑘𝑔
iv. 3 − 4 ⁄ 2
𝑐𝑚
b. Type IIB can be converted to Type IIA
i. Only possible conversion
3. Cardiac Muscle
a. ↑ size of the ventricle wall
b. ↑ size of the chambers
c. ↑ size of blood vessels

the ventricle wall

↑ size of the chambers efficiency of heart muscle to pump blood
blood vessels

Sedentary Athlete
Stroke Volume ↓ ↑
Heart Rate ↑ ↓
Cardiac Output = =

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 Sports Physiology

IV. Skeletal Muscle

Type I Type IIA Type IIB
aka Slow Oxidative Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fast Glycolytic
Color Red Red White
Size Small Large Large
Twitch Rate Slow Twitch Fast Twitch Fast Twitch
Metabolic System Aerobic Anaerobic Anaerobic
Fatigability High resistance to Fatigue Relatively fatigue resistance Fast fatigability
O2 Consumption
Myoglobin
High Intermediate Low
Mitochondria
Capillary
# of Myosin Low High High
Names Endurance/Postural Muscles Phasic/Classic/Mobility Muscles
Erector Spinae
Biceps
Examples Multifidus
Quadriceps
Soleus

V. Cardiopulmonary
1. Acute Response to Exercise

Initial During After

All Values are maintained in high
levels before slowly recovering to
1. If the intensity still ↑, the values Normal
Respiratory Rate also ↑
Systolic Blood Pressure
Cardiac Output
↑ 2° O2 “EPOC”
Excess Post Exercise O2 Consumption
Stroke Volume Demand 2. If the intensity is constant, there ↓
VO2Max will be no change in value called To replenish the glycogen Store
“steady state” To remove waste products
To repay O2 Debt
For Heat dissipation
VO2Max: Maximum O2 consumption (the best measurement for aerobic fitness)
mVO2 – Myocardial O2 Consumption

2. Chronic Response to Exercise (De’Lisa)

Rest Submaximal Max

Respiratory Rate
↓ ↑
Heart Rate ↓
No Change
Systolic Blood Pressure
No Change
Cardiac Output No Change ↑
mVO2 ↓ ↓ No Change

VI. Measurement for Body Fat Composition

𝑘𝑔
1. BMI ( ⁄ 2 )
𝑚
a. <18.5: underweight
b. 18.5-24.9: normal
c. 25-29.9: overweight
d. 30-34.9: Type 1 Obese
e. 35-39.9: Type 2 Obese
f. ≥40: Type 3 Obese
2. Hydrostatic Weighing
a. Most accurate measure for bodyfat composition (BEQ found in Dutton/Dunaway)
b. Measure dry weight vs underwater weight
3. Caliper’s Test

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 Sports Physiology

a. Procedure: lift up a fold of skin and then measure

b. (+) Fat Deposition if score is ≥ 1 inch
c. Sites:
TIMTABA OR MABAITT
T riceps M edial Calf
I ntrascapular A bdominals
M edial Calf B iceps
T highs A bove ASIS
A bdominals I ntrascapular
B iceps T riceps
A bove ASIS T highs

VII. Exercise Prescription

1. Maximum HR (HRmax)
a. Highest HR value one achieve in an all-out effort
b. Formula: 220-age

**MHR – max HR Reserve

2. Target HR (THR)
a. Regulate Exercise Intensity
b. Using Karvonen’s Formula
c. 60 − 80% (𝐻𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑅𝐻𝑅) + 𝑅𝐻𝑅
d. (𝐻𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑅𝐻𝑅) = MHR (max HR Reserve)

VIII. Borg Scale

Old/Classic New/Modified
6 0: nothing at all
7: very very light 0.5: very very weak
9: very light 1 is very weak
11: fairly light 2 is weak (x2)
13: somewhat hard 3 moderate
15: hard 4 somewhat strong
17: very hard 5 strong
19: very very hard 7 very strong
10 very very strong

IX. METS
 1 MET = 3.5 mL of 𝑂2⁄𝐾𝑔
⁄𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒

METS A Whole New METS

1.0 lying One point Zero lying
1.2-1.6 ay sitting 1-2-1-6 ay sitting
1.9-2.2 sit with writing 1-9-2-2 sitting with writing
Standing 1.4-2.0 Standing 1-4-2-0
(+) wash/shave: 2.5-2.6 Washing 2-5-2-6
(+) dress/undress: 2.3-3.3 Dress-Undress 2-3 3-3
Walking 1 mph 2.3 Walking 1-2-3
Walking 2 mph 3.1 2-3-1
Walking 3 mph 4.3 3-4-3
Running 7.4 Run 7-4
Chorus
Wheelchair to Drive (2.0 lang siya) Wheelchair to Drive (2 point 0 lang siya)
Stair descend 5.2, ascending 9 Stair descend 5-2, ascending 9

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Two Step Climb 5.7 Two Step Climb 5 point 7

Eating 1.5 Eating 1 point 5
Washing face 2.0 Washing face 2-0
Showering 3.5, bedpan ay 4 Showering 3-5, bedpan ay 4
Sex with wife 5, extramarital 8 Sex with wife 5, extramarital 8
Light house 1.7-3 Light household 1 point 7
Heavy 3-6 Heavy 3 to 6
Office work 1.3-2.8 Office work 1 point 3 – 2 point 3

X. Exercise Testing
1. Persantine-Thallium Test
a. Used if the px cannot perform ETT
b. Bedridden/non-ambulatory
c. Procedure
i. Administer persantine (dipyridamole)
1. Perfuses to the normal arteries of the heart
ii. Administer thallium after 4 min
1. Is a nuclear marker
2. Nuclear scanner shows the blood flow that contains thallium
d. S/Sx:
D rop in Systolic Blood Pressure
I nconsistent Angina
E CG Changes

2. Exercise Tolerance Test (ETT)

a. Goal: measure the aerobic capacity
b. Purpose: used to identify if the patient has a heart disease
c. Equipment: Treadmill, bike ergo, ECG equipment
d. Preparation: 3-4 hours prior
i. No Exercise
ii. No Drinking of coffee
iii. No Smoking
e. Contraindicated
i. Unstable BP
ii. Unstable Angina
iii. CHF
iv. Acute Conditions (pericarditis, MI)
f. Criteria to Stop Exercise
i. Drop of Systolic Blood Pressure
ii. Presence of Moderate to Severe Angina
iii. Severe shortness of breath
iv. If the px wishes to stop
v. If the examiner doesn’t cannot read ECG interpretation
vi. Appearance of CNS Symptoms
vii. Suspicion of Heart Attack
g. ECG
i. Leads: Wires
ii. Electrodes: pads
iii. Chest Electrodes
V1 Right
4th ICS Sternal Border
V2
V3 midway between V2 and V4
V4 Left Midclavicular Line
5th ICS
V5 Anterior Axillary Line
V6 Medial Axillary Border

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iv. Leads: Wires on limbs

1. Monopolar (Active Electrodes)
a. Av(R) (Augmented Vector Right): Right Arm
b. Av(L): Left Arm
c. AvF (Foot): Left Leg
2. ***Right Leg: Ground electrode
3. Bipolar
a. Lead I: (L) Arm + (R) Arm
b. Lead II: (L) Leg + (R) Arm
c. Lead III: (L) Leg + (L) Arm
v. Assess
1. Anterior Wall of the Heart: V1-V4
2. Posterior Wall of the Heart: V1-V3
3. Lateral Wall: Av(L), Lead I
4. Inferior Wall: Leads II, III, AvF

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