7CHAPT

ER

MASONRY /
STONEWORK

DQS102
CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY 1
MASONRY/STONEWOR
K
Highly durable form of construction

Masonry consists of building

structures by laying individual
masonry units (brick, concrete block,

Expensive – mainly as facing materials Need highly skill worker

stone, etc). Masonry construction can
provide beautiful walls and floors at
economical prices

Very heavy – require massive foundation

MASONRY/STONEWOR
K
TYPES
• Rubble wall Ashlar wall
 Constructed of blocks of stone that have been accurately cut and finished true
 rugged stone (undress from quarry) square so that the block can be laid, bedded and bonded with a thin layer of mortar
BRICK
REINFORCEM
ENT
Brickwork which is embodying expanded
metal, steel wire mesh & thin steel rods.

To strengthen the brickwork structure.

BLOCK/BRICK REINFORCEMENT Mesh Reinforcement in the bed
joints

Steel Rod Reinforcement

bedded vertically

Exmet in the bed joints

WALL TIE
WALL
TIES
• wall ties perform three primary functions between a
wythe of brick
• provide a connection
• transfer lateral loads CAVITY WALL
• permit in-plane movement to accommodate inferential
movements and, in some cases, restrain inferential
movement
• Also designed to secure wall skins and framework
together to provide structural integrity through various
forms of movement and force. 

• *wythe – A wythe is a continuous vertical section of masonry one unit in thickness. A wythe may be
independent of, or interlocked with, the adjoining wythe(s). A single wythe of  brick that is not structural in
nature is referred to as a surface.

WALL TIE
BUTTERFLY TIE

WIRE TIE
WALL TIES
 MORTAR
The gap filling adhesive that
holds bricks, blocks or
stonework together to form a
wall
MORTAR

Mixture of sand, binder (cement/lime) and water

Applied as a paste which then sets hard
Basic requirement
Need to harden in order to carry loads normally by bricks without being crush
Porosity similar to bricks
Must not deteriorate due to weather
MORTAR
• Mixture of sand, binder (cement/lime) and water

• Typical mixes
a) Cement Mortar 1:3 (cement and sand)
Suitable for brickwork in exposed condition

b) Lime Mortar 1:3 ( lime and sand)

For internal use only

c) Gauged Mortar 1:1: 6 (cement, lime and sand)

Suitable for severe exposure
MORTAR (CONT’D)

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

Finishes after completion of brick

layer

Pointing
Jointing
Operation of filling mortar joints
The finish of mortar joints between
with mortar selected for colour and
bricks to provide a neat joint in
texture to either new brickwork or
brickwork that is finished fairface.
existing brickwork.
 Pointing
Jointing
MORTAR JOINT (CONT’D)
TUTORIAL
• 1. Explain five (5) functional requirement of walls?
• (10 marks)
• 2. Briefly sketch the following:
a) English bond and flemish bond
b) 2 types of brick reinforcement.
c) 5 types of brick jointing.
• (15 marks)
ARCH
DQS132 Construction Technology I
DEFINITION
 The structure constructed of wedge shaped block of
stones or bricks
 Jointed together with mortar and provided across the
opening to carry the weight of the structure above the
opening
 When constructing an arch, it must be
given temporary support until the
brick joints have set and the arch has
gained sufficient strength to support
itself and carry the load over the
opening.

• temporary supports = CENTRES

• The design of centres depend with the

span, load and thickness of the arch
Types of centre
 COMPONENTS OF ARCH 5. CROWN
6. KEYSTONE
1. Abutment
3. EXTRADOS
The end support of an arches
2. Intrados
Inner curve surface of arches 10. RISE

4. VOUSSOIRS
3. Extrados 7. SPRINGER
2. INTRADOS
Outer curve surface of arches
4. Voussoirs 1. ABUTMENT
8. SPRINGING
The wedge shaped unit LINE

forming the arch

5. Crown 9. SPAN

The highest part of arch

 COMPONENTS OF ARCH
5. CROWN
6. Keystone 6. KEYSTONE

The highest central wedge shaped 3. EXTRADOS

block of an arch
7. Springing stone or springer
The first voussoir at springing level 10. RISE
on either side of the arches 4. VOUSSOIRS

8. Springing line 7. SPRINGER

Inner curve surface of arches

9. Span 1. ABUTMENT
8. SPRINGING
The horizontal distance between the LINE
two support
10. Rise
9. SPAN
The vertical distance between the
two support
Types of A RCH
1. SOLDIER ARCH
• Consist of a row of bricks showing on the
face either the end or the edge of the bricks.

• Not strong, if the span is over 1000mm it

will require permanent support such as
metal flat or angle
2. ROUGH ARCH
• Usually constructed in stretcher
courses
• Joints are wedge-shaped with
greater thickness at extrados
and smaller thickness at
intrados.
3. GAUGED ARCH

• Constructed of bricks cut to

the required wedge shape
called voussoirs

• Made with brick which are

prepared to exact size and
shape of voussoirs

• The purpose of voussoirs is to

produce a uniform thin joint
that converges onto the centre
point of the arch
 4. HORSESHOE ARCH

• The horseshoe arch, also called

the Moorish arch and the
Keyhole arch, is the emblematic
arch of Islamic architecture.
• Horseshoe arches can take
rounded, pointed or lobed form.
ARCHES BUILDING IN PUTRAJAYA
TUTORIAL
1. Explain with illustration the components of arch.
(10 marks)

2. Sketch and annotate semi-circular arch.

(10 marks)