TOPIC - DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

FOR MULTI PURPOSE LAPTOP TABLE

 PRELIMINARY RESEARCH

HISTORY
Some very early tables were made and used by the Ancient Egyptians around 2500 BC,
using wood and alabaster. They were often little more than stone platforms used to keep
objects off the floor, though a few examples of wooden tables have been found in tombs.
Food and drinks were usually put on large plates deposed on a pedestal for eating. The
Egyptians made use of various small tables and elevated playing boards. The Chinese also
created very early tables in order to pursue the arts of writing and painting, as did people
in Mesopotamia, where various metals were used.
The Greeks and Romans made more frequent use of tables, notably for eating, although
Greek tables were pushed under a bed after use. The Greeks invented a piece of furniture
very similar to the guéridon. Tables were made of marble or wood and metal (typically
bronze or silver alloys), sometimes with richly ornate legs.
Furniture during the Middle Ages is not as well known as that of earlier or later periods, and
most sources show the types used by the nobility. In the Eastern Roman Empire, tables were
made of metal or wood, usually with four feet and frequently linked by x-shaped stretchers.
Tables for eating were large and often round or semicircular. A combination of a small round
table and a lectern seemed very popular as a writing table. In western Europe, the invasions
and internecine wars caused most of the knowledge inherited from the classical era to be
lost. As a result of the necessary movability, most tables were simple trestle tables, although
small round tables made from joinery reappeared during the 15th century and onward. In
the Gothic era, the chest became widespread and was often used as a table.
Refectory tables first appeared at least as early as the 17th century, as an advancement of
the trestle table these tables were typically quite long and wide and capable of supporting a
sizeable banquet in the great hall or other reception room of a castle.
Shape, height, and function
Tables come in a wide variety of materials, shapes, and heights dependent upon their
origin, style, intended use and cost. Many tables are made of wood or wood-based
products; some are made of other materials including metal and glass. Most tables are
composed of a flat surface and one or more supports (legs). A table with a single, central
foot is a pedestal table. Long tables often have extra legs for support.

Dinner table and chairs

Table tops can be in virtually any shape, although rectangular, square, round (e.g. the
round table), and oval tops are the most frequent. Others have higher surfaces for
personal use while either standing or sitting on a tall stool.
Many tables have tops that can be adjusted to change their height, position, shape, or size,
either with foldable, sliding or extensions parts that can alter the shape of the top. Some
tables are entirely foldable for easy transportation, e.g. camping or storage, e.g., TV trays.
Small tables in trains and aircraft may be fixed or foldable, although they are sometimes
considered as simply convenient shelves rather than tables.

Tables can be freestanding or designed for placement against a wall. Tables designed to be
placed against a wall are known as Pier tables[7] or console tables (French: console, "support
bracket") and may be bracket-mounted (traditionally), like a shelf, or have legs, which
sometimes imitate the look of a bracket-mounted table.
 TEN REASONS WHY WE NEED A TABLE
FOR USING A LAPTOP
1. If you use your laptop with an external monitor, raising the laptop to a similar height as
your monitor will prevent eyestrain and neck pain.

2. Using a height adjustable laptop stand to keep the laptop above your desk surface—or
lap—will help keep it cooler. Your laptop’s performance can suffer if it gets too hot.

3. A laptop stand can be an affordable way to dip your toes into standing while working.
An ergonomic laptop stand can help you position your laptop to a position that’s right
for you whether you’re sitting or standing.

4. Many laptop stands are as lightweight and portable as the laptop itself, so you can
move your laptop stand as you relocate from place to place.

5. If you don’t use an external keyboard, and type on your laptop, a laptop stand will help
you position your laptop to be at a height that is somewhere between the ideal
monitor height (center of the screen at eye level) and the ideal keyboard height (elbow
height)
6. If your laptop tends to run on the warm side, you can get a laptop stand that has one or
more fans built into the surface. Keeping air circulating on the bottom of your laptop will help
keep it from getting too hot.

7. An ergonomic laptop stand can help you position the angle of your laptop so you can
reduce screen glare, which can lead to eye strain and headaches.

8. Many laptop stands have advanced features that can be very handy, including extra USB
ports and cable management, a small drawer, or even a slot to hold your smartphone.

9. Reduce clutter on your desk by placing your keyboard and mouse under the laptop stand
when you’re not using them.

10. In addition to using a laptop stand for your laptop, you may also find it useful for holding
books, tablets, or even sheet music.
TYPES OF TABLE
 TYPES OF LAPTOP TABLE

Adjustable laptop table Foldable laptop table

Rolling laptop desk Over bed laptop table
Wood laptop desk Laptop table with mouse pad
Laptop table for bed Tiltable laptop table
Tilting bamboo laptop table Laptop desk with air vents
ERGONOMICS
How do you arrange furniture in a living room and dining
room combo ?
When arranging furniture in a living room and dining room combo make sure to maximize
the space by incorporating dual purpose furniture. Arrange the furniture by defining the
functional spaces, use the room’s architectural design to your advantage, and play with the
versatility of each piece of furniture.

How do you refinish a table?

Start to refinish a table by sanding all surfaces being sure to remove any stains. Wipe
away sanding dust and apply a stain with a brush following the direction of the wood’s
grain. Apply at least 2 coats of stains, sanding between each coat. Finish the table by
applying a polyurethane coat after the stain is dry.
Standard size of a table
Good Laptop Ergonomics at a Glance
The aim of an ergonomic laptop setup is to enable your body to work in a neutral position.
There is where there is minimal stress on your muscles, nerves and bones as you operate
the laptop. Prolonged deviation from the body’s neutral position, such as flexing your back,
extending your wrists or slumping your shoulders overloads the musculoskeletal system,
resulting in debilitating RSI injuries over time.
Ergonomic Checklist for Frequent Laptop Use
o Use a laptop stand to elevate the screen to eye level.

o Connect an external keyboard to help maintain neutral wrists when typing.

o Strive for a neutral neck where it’s vertical, with the ears aligned with the shoulders.

o Sit up straight or at a reclined angle, supported by the backrest.

o Open your chest and maintain the natural curve in your lower back. This reduces spinal
pressure.

o Adjust the armrests and seat height to create a 90°- 100° open elbow angle.

o Both feet should be flat on the ground and not crossed.

o Stretch or take a quick walk every 30 minutes.

Ergonomic Checklist for Casual Laptop Use

o Avoid placing your laptop on your bare thighs at all costs. This places your upper body in
the worst posture possible to view the screen or type (neck flexion, rounded back, and
chest compression).

o Cushion and elevate the laptop over your thighs with a laptop tray or wedge shaped
binder.

o If possible, look for an elevated surface to place your laptop on instead, such as a coffee
table. Kneel or squat with a straight back to work on the laptop.

o When working outside, reduce glare and blue light exposure with an anti-glare filter and
blue light blocking glasses, respectively.
Common Symptoms of Ergonomic Injuries

Ergonomic problems most commonly arises in a person’s neck, shoulders, back, or

extremities. Depending on the condition, common symptoms can include:

1.Common Symptoms of Ergonomic Injuries

2.Tingling or numbing
3.Dull and aching, sharp and stabbing, or burning pain
4.Muscle weakness, decreased grip strength, or cramping
5.Loss of coordination
6.Decreased range of motion or discomfort
7.Coldness or discoloration of the affected area
8.Swelling of inflammation
9.Joint stiffness
10.Visual fatigue
11.Blurred vision
12.Burning or watery eyes
13.Frequent headaches
PROBLEMS
Students are among the most common users of laptop devices. With the variety of
activities done by students using their laptops, many issues are faced because the
physical interaction between user and laptop is not well designed. This research aims to
produce a laptop desk design for students. Based on the results of questionnaires given
to the subjects.

Main problems of the laptop desks were identified

• Storage
• Lack of additional functions
• Lack of laptop mats
• Complaints while typing or using laptops
• Complaints of neck pain
• Lack of air vents

An analysis was done to find a solution using the TRIZ method. The TRIZ analysis tools
used were cause and effect chain analysis (CECA) and engineering contradiction. The
validation of the success of the solution was determined by using a homogeneity test
with P > 0.05. This shows that there is no difference between the solutions given to the
table design in terms of consumer expectation.