BIOMEDICAL WASTE

MANAGEMENT AND
DISPOSAL
 "BIO-MEDICAL WASTE" means any waste,
which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment
or immunisation of human beings or animals or
research activities pertaining thereto or in the
production or testing of biological or in health
camps.
TYPE OF WASTES
 Infectious waste: waste contaminated with blood and other
bodily fluids
 Pathological waste: human tissues, organs or fluids, body
parts and contaminated animal carcasses;
 Sharps waste: syringes, needles, disposable scalpels and
blades, etc.;
 Chemical waste: for example solvents and reagents used for
laboratory preparations, disinfectants, sterilants and heavy
metals contained in medical devices (e.g. mercury in broken
thermometers) and batteries;
 Pharmaceutical waste: expired, unused and
contaminated drugs and vaccines;
 Cytotoxic waste: waste containing substances with

genotoxic properties, such as cytotoxic drugs used in

cancer treatment and their metabolites;
 Radioactive waste:  radioactive diagnostic material or

radiotherapeutic materials; and

 Non-hazardous or general waste: waste that does not

pose any particular biological, chemical, radioactive or

physical hazard.
SOURCE OF HEALTH CARE WASTE

 Government Hospitals
 Private Hospitals
 Nursing Homes
 Dispensaries
 Mortuaries
 Blood bank
 Animal House
 Laboratories
 Research organisations
HAZARDOUS HEALTH-CARE WASTE

 The hazardous nature of health-care waste may be

due to one or more of the following characteristics:
 It contains infectious agents
 It is genotoxic
 It contains toxic or hazardous chemicals or
pharmaceuticals
 It is radioactive
 It contains sharps.
PERSONS AT RISK
 Medical doctors
 Nurses
 Health-care auxiliaries
 Hospital maintenance personnel
 Patients in health-care establishments or receiving home care;
 Visitors to health-care establishments
 Workers in support services allied to health-care establishments,
such as laundries, waste handling, and transportation
 Workers in waste disposal facilities (such as landfills or
incinerators), including scavengers.
CATEGORISTION OF WASTE

WASTE

NON –
INFECTIOUS HAZARDOU
INFECTIOUS
WASTE S WASTE
WASTE
75- 85 % 10- 15% 5%
PROCESS OF FLOW OF BMW

GENERATION SEGREGATION STORAGE

TREATMENT TRANSPORTATI
COLLECTION
AND DISPOSAL ON
SEGREGATION OF WASTE

WASTE

GENERA
L

PUNCTU
NON
PLASTIC SHARPS RE
PLASTIC
PROOF
 The waste should be collected in NON
CHLORINATED BAGS
 The containers or bags segregated to be labelled as

HANDLE WITH CARE HANDLE WITH CARE

CATEGORY - YELLOW
Type of Waste Waste Type of Bag or Treatment and
Container to be Disposal options
used

a) Human Anatomical
Waste: Yellow coloured Incineration or Plasma
non-chlorinated Pyrolysis or deep
(b)Animal Anatomical
plastic bags burial*
Waste
(c) Soiled Waste:
CATEGORY - YELLOW
Type of Waste Waste Type of Bag or Treatment and
Container to be Disposal options
used

d) Expired or Yellow coloured Returned back to the

Discarded non-chlorinated manufacturer
Medicines: plastic bags or for incineration at
Containers temperature >1200° C
or to
CBMWTF for
incineration at
>1200°C.
CATEGORY - YELLOW
Type of Waste Waste Type of Bag or Treatment and
Container to be Disposal options
used

(e) Chemical Waste: Yellow coloured Disposed of by

containers or incineration or Plasma
nonchlorinated Pyrolysis or
plastic Encapsulation in
bags hazardous
waste treatment, storage
and disposal facility.
CATEGORY - YELLOW
Type of Waste Waste Type of Bag or Treatment and
Container to be Disposal options
used

(f) Chemical Liquid Separate collection After resource recovery,

Waste: system leading to the chemical liquid
effluent treatment waste shall be pre-
system treated before mixing
with
other wastewater.
CATEGORY - YELLOW
Type of Waste Waste Type of Bag or Treatment and
Container to be Disposal options
used

(g) Discarded linen, Non-chlorinated Non- chlorinated

mattresses, beddings yellow plastic bags chemical disinfection
contaminated with or suitable packing followed by incineration
blood or body fluid. material or Plasma Pyrolysis
or for energy recovery.
CATEGORY - YELLOW
Type of Waste Waste Type of Bag or Treatment and
Container to be Disposal options
used

(h) Microbiology, Autoclave safe Pre-treat to sterilize with

Biotechnology and plastic bags or non-chlorinated
other containers chemicals on-site
clinical laboratory thereafter for
waste: Blood bags, Lab Incineration.
cultures, stocks or
specimens of
microorganisms,
vaccines, cell cultures,
production of biological,
residual toxins, dishes
and devices used for
cultures.
CATEGORY - RED
Type of Waste
Contaminated Waste
(Recyclable)
Wastes from
disposable items such as
tubing, bottles, intravenous
tubes and sets, catheters,
urine bags, syringes
(without needles and fixed
needle syringes) and
vaccutainers with their
needles cut) and gloves.
Waste Type of Bag or Treatment and Disposal
Container to be options
used
Red coloured Autoclaving
nonchlorinated followed by shredding or
plastic combination of
bags or containers sterilization and shredding.
Treated waste to be sent to
authorized recyclers or for
energy recovery.
Plastic waste should not
be sent to landfill
sites..
CATEGORY – WHITE
Type of Waste Waste Type of Bag or Treatment and
Container to be Disposal options
used

(a) Waste sharps Cardboard boxes Disinfection or through

including with blue colored autoclaving or
Metals marking microwaving or
hydroclaving
(b) Metallic Body and then sent for
Implants recycling.
CATEGORY - BLUE
Type of Waste Waste Type of Bag or Treatment and
Container to be Disposal options
used

a) Glassware: Cardboard boxes Autoclaving or Dry

Broken or discarded and with blue colored Heat Sterilization
contaminated glass marking followed by shredding
including medicine vials or encapsulation in
and ampoules except metal container or
those cement
contaminated with concrete; combination
cytotoxic wastes. of shredding cum
autoclaving; and sent for
final disposal sanitary
landfill or
designated concrete
waste sharp pit.
INCINERATOR
 Holding time 1Hr
 At temperature of 121°C
 At a pressure of 15 psi
SHREDDER
DEEP BURIAL PIT
EFFLUENT TREATMENT
 Can be done by occupier or operator of a common bio medical
waste
 Before discharge into the sewer should conform to the following
limits-
 PARAMETERS PERMISSIBLE LIMITS
 pH 6.5-9.0
 Suspended solids 100 mg/l
 Oil and grease 10 mg/l
 BOD 30 mg/l
 COD 250 mg/l
 Bio-assay test 90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100%
effluent.
 Sludge from Effluent Treatment Plant - Incineration
WASTE MANAGEMENT
HIERARCHY