Terminologies

1). Bones
A bone is an organ made up of several different tissues working
together: bone (osseous) tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue,
epithelium, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue. The entire framework of
bones and their cartilages constitute the skeletal system. The study of
bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders is referred to as
osteology.
• Bone tissue makes up about 18 percent of the weight of the human
body
• Bone tissue stores about 99 percent of total body calcium.
• Functions of skeletal system (description…)
i. Support
ii. Protection
iii. Assistance in movement
iv. Mineral storage and release
v. Blood cell production
vi. Triglyceride storage
• Types of bones (e.g.,…)
The 206 bones come in a variety of sizes and shapes.
i. Long bones
ii. Short bones
iii. Flat bones
iv. Irregular bones
v. Sesamoid bones (largest ?)
vi. Sutural bones / Wormian bones
Anatomy of bone
1. The diaphysis is the bone’s shaft, or body—the long, cylindrical, main
portion of the bone.
2. The epiphyses are the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
3. The metaphyses are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses.
4. The articular cartilage is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of
the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone.
Articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints.
5. The periosteum is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated
blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by
articular cartilage.
6. The medullary cavity or marrow cavity, is a hollow, cylindrical space
within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and
numerous blood vessels in adults.
7. The endosteum is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity. It
contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of
connective tissue.
2). Joints
A joint, also called an
articulation or arthrosis, is a
point of contact between two
bones, between bone and
cartilage. The scientific study of
joints is termed arthrology. The
study of motion of the human
body is called kinesiology.
• The functional classification of joints relates to the degree of
movement they permit. Functionally, joints are classified as one of the
following types: e.g….
Synarthrosis; An immovable joint.
Amphiarthrosis; A slightly movable joint.
Diarthrosis; A freely movable joint; these come in a variety of shapes
and permit several different types of movements.
• Bones are either held together by solid masses of connective tissue, or
they are joined by a connective tissue capsule that surrounds a
lubricated cavity. E.g…
Fibrous joints; Joints that are formed by a solid mass of dense irregular
connective tissue between the neighboring bones.
Cartilaginous joints; which use some type of cartilage as the
connecting tissue between the bones.
Synovial joints; Joints that incorporate a lubricated cavity called a
synovial cavity are referred to as synovial joints (syn=together;
ovial=egg, because the synovial tissues resemble uncooked egg whites).
• As a general rule, the more mobile joints are less stable. The highly
mobile shoulder joint is the least stable joint in the body; for this reason
it is one of the most commonly dislocated joints.
3). Muscle
Muscles consist of a fleshy belly which is
usually attached to bone at each end by a
region of dense connective tissue. In most
cases this connective tissue forms a cord-
like structure called a tendon. Cords of
connective tissue also bind bone to bone
across joints; these are called ligaments.
The end of a muscle which is nearer to the
midline of the body, which is more
proximal, or less movable is called
the origin. The end of a muscle furthest
from the dorsal midline, more distal or
more movable is called the insertion. 
 Types of Muscular tissue

• Skeletal muscle tissue is so named because the function of most skeletal

muscles is to move the bones of the skeleton. Skeletal muscle tissue is
referred to as striated because alternating light and dark protein bands
(striations) are visible when the tissue is examined under a microscope.
Skeletal muscle tissue works primarily in a voluntary manner; its activity
can be consciously (voluntarily) controlled.
• Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart, where it forms most of the
heart wall. Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated, but its action is
involuntary—its alternating contraction and relaxation cannot be
consciously controlled. Smooth muscle tissue is located in the walls of
hollow internal structures, such as blood vessels, airways, and most organs
in the abdominopelvic cavity. It is also attached to hair follicles in the skin.
• Smooth muscle tissue gets its name
from the fact that, under a microscope,
it appears nonstriated or smooth. The
action of smooth muscle is usually
involuntary, and, like cardiac muscle,
some smooth muscle tissue has auto-
rhythmicity, such as the muscles that
propel food through the gastrointestinal
tract. Both cardiac muscle and smooth
muscle are regulated by neurons that
are part of the autonomic (involuntary)
division of the nervous system and by
hormones released by endocrine glands.
• Functions of Muscular Tissue Through sustained contraction or
alternating contraction and relaxation, muscular tissue has four key
functions:
producing body movements
stabilizing body positions
storing and moving substances within the body
generating heat
4). Cartilage
It is a connective tissue specialized to function as
a supporting or weight-bearing tissue.
• There are three types of cartilage
1. Hyaline e.g.,….
2. Elastic e.g.,….
3. Fibro cartilage e.g.,….
5. Body Structure
The anatomy of the human body can be studied at various levels of structural
organization, ranging from microscopic (visible only with the aid of a
microscope) to macroscopic (visible without the use of a microscope).
1. Chemical level; includes atoms & molecules- involved in chemical reactions
2. Cellular level; cell – smallest living unit in human body
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level – different types of tissues joined together
5. System level – also called the organ-system level
6. Organism level – The largest organizational level
6. Cell
Cells are structures composed of chemicals and are the basic structural
and functional units of an organism
7. Tissue
Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that
work together to perform a particular function.
There are just four basic types of tissue in your body: epithelial tissue,
connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
8. Organs
Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types
of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable
shapes. Examples of organs are the stomach, heart, liver, lungs, and
brain.