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SUBMITTED
BY:SACHIN
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Nature of  My Project includes the concepts and

configuration of Local Area Networks

project (LANs), Switching, VLAN, and Router

Technologies.

 In my project I used the “Cisco packet

tracer” software, windows server 2003.

 I also used the hardware during

practice i.e
router, switch, server.

 I also used crimping tools, RJ45

connectors and cable wires to make
straight and cross cable wires.

 I used DHCP Technology to provide IP

address in my project.
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Project description

 In my project I made a network using

routers and switches which acts as
a connection between different
branches in any organization.
 I made this network to provide
connectivity and to store the important
data.
 I apply access control list in my
project to deny some features or
services to local area network.
 I also made VLAN to divide layer 2
switches into multiple broadcast
domains
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SWITCH
 A network switch is a device that operates at the Data
Link layer of the OSI model—Layer 2. It takes in
packets being sent by devices that are connected to its
physical ports and sends them out again, but only
through the ports that lead to the devices the packets
are intended to reach. They can also operate at the
network layer--Layer 3 where routing occurs.
 Switches are a common component of networks based
on ethernet, Fibre Channel, Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM), and InfiniBand, among others. In general,
though, most switches today use ethernet.
 Switches also vary in the network speed they
offer, ranging from Fast ethernet (10/100 Mbps),
Gigabit ethernet (10/100/1000 Mbps), 10 Gigabit
(10/100/1000/10000 Mbps) and even 40/100
Gbps speeds. Which speed to choose depends
on the throughput needed for the tasks being
supported.
 Switches also differ in their capabilities
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ROUTER

 A router is a device that forwards data packets

along networks. A router is connected to at least
two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a
LAN and its ISP's network. Routers are located
at gateways, the places where two or more
networks connect.
 A router is a switching device for networks, which
is able to route network packets, based on their
addresses, to other networks or devices. Among
other things, they are used for Internet access, for
coupling networks or for connecting branch offices
to a central office via VPN (Virtual Private
Network). Depending on the type they
communicate using the various access
protocols, such as Ethernet, ATM or DSL. In the
OSI layer model, the switching of data packets
through the router is based on the address on the
network layer (layer 3). In addition to routers that
use Internet protocol (IP), there are multi-
protocol routers, which also handle other network
protocols.
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TYPES OF
CABLES

• CROSS OVER CABLE

• COPPER STRIAGHT
THROUGH CABLE
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WHAT IS OSPF

 The OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) protocol is one of a

family of IP Routing protocols, and is an Interior Gateway
Protocol (IGP) for the Internet, used to distribute IP routing
information throughout a single Autonomous System (AS) in
an IP network.
 The OSPF protocol is a link-state routing protocol, which
means that the routers exchange topology information with
their nearest neighbors. The topology information is flooded
throughout the AS, so that every router within the AS has a
complete picture of the topology of the AS. This picture is then
used to calculate end-to-end paths through the AS, normally
using a variant of the Dijkstra algorithm. Therefore, in a link-
state routing protocol, the next hop address to which data is
forwarded is determined by choosing the best end-to-end path
to the eventual destination.
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OSPF VERSION
OSPF version 2 (OSPFv2) is used with IPv4. OSPFv3
has been updated for compatibility with IPv6's 128-bit
address space. However, this is not the only difference
between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3. Other changes in
OSPFv3, as defined in RFC 2740, include
 protocol processing per-link not per-subnet
 addition of flooding scope, which may be link-local,
area or AS-wide
 removal of opaque LSAs
 support for multiple instances of OSPF per link
 various packet and LSA format changes (including
removal of addressing semantics).

 Both OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 are fully supported by DC-

OSPF.
 OSPF neighbor states
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OSPF routers need to go through several state changes. These states

are explained below.
 1. Init state – a router has received a Hello message from the other
OSFP router
 2. 2-way state – the neighbor has received the Hello message
and replied with a Hello message of his own
 3. Exstart state – beginning of the LSDB exchange between
both routers. Routers are starting to exchange link state
information.
 4. Exchange state – DBD (Database Descriptor) packets
are exchanged. DBDs contain LSAs headers. Routers will use
this information to see what LSAs need to be exchanged.
 5. Loading state – one neighbor sends LSRs (Link State
Requests) for every network it doesn’t know about. The other
neighbor replies with the LSUs (Link State Updates) which contain
information about requested networks. After all the requested
information have been received, other neighbor goes through the
same process
 6. Full state – both routers have the synchronized database
and are fully adjacent with each other.
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VLAN

 VLANs (Virtual LANs) are logical grouping of

devices in the same broadcast domain. VLANs are
usually configured on switches by placing some
interfaces into one broadcast domain and some
interfaces into another. Each VLAN acts as a
subgroup of the switch ports in an Ethernet LAN.
 VLANs can spread across multiple switches, with
each VLAN being treated as its own subnet or
broadcast domain. This means that frames
broadcasted onto the network will be switched only
between the ports within the same VLAN.
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SOFTWARE CISCO PACKE

: TRACER T
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HARDWARE
Media:- :
• Straight Cable(Access point and modem)
• Serial Cable(DTE- PC,Router) (DCE-Hub,Switch,Modem)
• Crossover Cable(PC–PC, Switch-Switch, Router-PC)
Switch:- 2950,2960,3560
Router:- 2811(ISR)
Users
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 Show Running

 Show ip interface brief

 Show ip route

 Show ip access-list
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OSPF CONFIGURATION
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Show ip route for OSPF
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Static ip address
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Access control list
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SHOW VTP STATUS
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ping
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tracert
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Send icmp message
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THANK YOU
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