CARIN

G
The dynamic essence of nursing is due
to caring. Unfortunately, many different
terms such as care, care-giving, care
receiving, nursing care, etc. are used
interchangeably which promotes
confusion.

Thus, the concept of care can be

considered one of the least understood
parts of nursing. It is important to note
that because there are multiple ways to
define caring from different paradigms,
the frame of reference is imperative to
understand the definition.
 Watson’s Theory of Caring Watson
defines caring as:
▪ “the moral ideal of nursing whereby the
end is protection, enhancement, and
preservation of human dignity. Human
caring involves values, a will and a
commitment to care, knowledge, caring
actions, and consequences. All of
human caring is related to inter
subjective human response to health-
illness; environmental-personal
interaction; knowledge of the nurse
caring process; self-knowledge,
knowledge of one’s power and
transaction limitations”.
▪ Moreover, Watson posits
that “the essence of the
value of human care and
caring may be futile unless
it contributes to a
philosophy of action”. She
further believes that human-
to-human caring
interactions of nursing
cannot be validated or
understood using a 3
A nurse is required to perform certain acts
for her patient who is legally and ethically
binding. Watson posits that the value of
human care and caring is more than the
mere action of performance. Caring
involves a sense of self identity and spirit
of the person.

It involves a pure sense of dedication and

commitment to the patient. A specific
action of caring may transcend the value
because it is “grounded in the self-
transcending creative nurse”.
 5 C’S CARING
▪ CONSCIENCE
▪ COMPETENCE
Delivering the best possible
care to patients involves a
resilient sense of moral
responsibility born of a strong
conscience. Conscience helps
guide your actions even when
focus on stress or personal
matters can challenge the
consistent application of best
practices.
There are a number of ways nurses
can demonstrate competence in the
workplace. Consistently arriving to
work on time and presenting
yourself in a professional manner is
one way. It is also important to ask
for help or clarification when there is
uncertainty about a specific duty or
method, rather than attempting to
move forward if you are unsure.
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▪ COMPASSION
Having compassion is
essential for anyone in the
health care profession as it
takes compassion to give
patients a positive
experience. Compassionate
nurses empathize with their
patients and provide kind and
considerate treatment at all
times. In return, they may
receive an inspiring sense of
human connection and
affirmation of the importance
▪ CONFIDENCE
It takes confidence in personal
skills and knowledge to act
with commitment, follow
conscience, consistently act in
a competent manner, and
express compassion, even in
the most difficult of situations.
A confident nurse can help
patients and family members
deal with difficult news, and a
strong sense of self will invoke 6
▪ COMMITMENT

The life of a nurse can be challenging at

times, commitment to patients cannot be
sacrificed. Nursing staff members must
continually dedicate themselves to putting
their best foot forward. The act of
committing yourself to work means going
above and beyond normally expected
behaviors and pledging to uphold strong
values.
▪ In addition to providing a focus for daily
activities, commitment to your career also
involves continually improving one’s
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knowledge and skills. One way to do this
INGREDIENT
S OF

CARING
▪ KNOWING
▪ PATIENCE
▪ ALTERNATING
To care for someone, I RHYTHMS
I enable the other to
must know many things,
grow in its own time
I must know, for I cannot care by sheer
and in its own way And
example, who the other habit; I must be able to
it is misleading to
is, what his powers and learn from my past. I see
understand patience
limitations are, what what my actions amount
simply in terms of time,
his needs are, and what to, whether I have helped
for we give the other
is conducive to his or not, and, in the light of
space as well patience
growth; I must know the results, maintain or
is not waiting passively
how to respond to his modify my behaviour so
for something to
needs, and what my own that I can better help the
happen, but is a kind of
powers and limitations other.
participation with the
are.
other in which we give
fully of ourselves.
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▪ HONESTY
To be honest with oneself. In
caring I am honest in trying to
see truly. To care for the other, I
must see the other as it is and
not as I would like it to be or
feel it must be. If I am to help
the other to grow, I must
respond to its changing needs.
▪ TRUST
Caring involves trusting the
other to grow in its own time
and in its own way. It
appreciates the independent
existence of the other, that the
other is other.
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▪ HUMILITY ▪ COURAGE

The man who cares is genuinely

Courage is also present in going
humble in being ready and willing
into the unknown. Trust in the
to learn more about the other and
other to grow and in my own ability
himself, and what caring
to care gives me courage to go
involves. In addition, caring itself
into the unknown, but it is also
expresses a broader meaning of
true that without the courage to go
humility as the overcoming of an
into the unknown such trust would
attitude that sees others as
be impossible.
existing simply to satisfy my own
needs and treats others as if they
were merely obstacles to
overcome or clay for me to mold
as I please.
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 CARING
PRACTICE
12
CARING
PRACTICE
MODELS
▪ NURSING CARE MODELS

Nursing models are constructed of

theories and concepts. They are used
to help nurses assess, plan and
implement patient care by providing a
framework within which to work.
Nursing models also help nurses
achieve uniformity and seamless care.
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 CARING
PRACTICE
▪ TOTAL PATIENT CARE MODELS

▪ is a nursing model where one nurse provides total care to a single patient or a

group of patients during his/her shift. During that shift, all the patient needs
are addressed by the nurse, and in some cases, the nurse issues care until the
end of the patient’s medical needs. The nurse will have all the patient data on
hand.
▪ the oldest method of organizing patient care is to have each nurse responsible
for planning, organizing, and performing all care for assigned patients

▪ FUNCTIONAL CARE

▪ was designed around an efficacy model that seeks to get many tasks
accomplished in a short period of time.
▪ Functional nursing is task-oriented in scope. Instead of one nurse performing
many functions, several nurses are given one or two assignments. The 14
CARING
PRACTICE
MODELS
▪ TEAM NURSING

▪ model that is still influential in nursing practice today Lambertsen’s concept

called for registered nurses and doctors to coordinate the work of
occupational and physical therapists, social workers and other health care
professionals.
▪  care involves pairing nurses who work as a team to deliver patient care.
This model utilizes the diversity of skills, education, and qualification level
of the entire staff. Team members work collaboratively and share
responsibility.

▪ MODULAR NURSING

▪ is a modification of team nursing and focuses on the patient's geographic

location for staff assignments; the unit is divided into groups referred to as 15
 CARING
PRACTICE
▪ PRIMARY NURSING MODELS

▪ A method of providing nursing services to inpatients whereby one nurse

plans the care of specific patients for a period of 24 hours.

▪ The primary nurse provides direct care to those patients when working and

is responsible for directing and supervising their care in collaboration with
other health care team members.

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CoMMUNI
CATION
PROCESS
17
Verbal Communication

Encourage patients to communicate by asking open questions

like, “Can you tell me a bit more about that?” Avoid
condescending pet names like “honey” or “sweetie” and instead
use the patient’s first name or name of choice.

Speak in clear, complete sentences and avoid technical jargon.

Non verbal communication

Show interest in what the patient is saying by maintaining eye

contact and nodding your head. Smile, but don’t stare. Sit down
when you can, and lean forward to show you’re engaged.

Use nonthreatening body language that conveys openness.

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 1

To communicate assertively includes;

• CONFIDENCE
in self, being positive while at the same time
showing understanding of the patient's point of
view.

BODY MOVEMENTS • UNDERSTANDING

nodding or shaking of the head. through active listening which conveys
understanding
• POSTURE
crossing arms can indicate a reluctance to .• NEGOTIATION
ask or answer questions. reaching a point of agreement with the patient
which includes respect for self and respect for
• EYE CONTACT the patient.
maintaining eye contact conveys trust and
engagement.

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 7 stages of communication
process
▪ CHANNEL - The person who is
interested in communicating has to
▪ SENDER - The person who intends to
choose the channel the channel for
convey the message with the intention of
sending the required information, ideas,
passing information and ideas to others
etc. this information is transmitted to the
is known as sender or communicator.
receiver through channels which may
either formal or informal.
▪ IDEAS - This is the subject matter of the
communication. This may be an opinion,
▪ ENCODING - Since the subject matter
attitude, feelings, views, orders, or
of communication is theoretical and
suggestions.
intangible, its further passing requires
use of certain symbols such as words,
actions or pictures etc. conversion of
subject matter into these symbols is the
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process of encoding.
 7 stages of communication
process
▪ RECEIVER - is the person who
receives the message or for whom
▪ FEEDBACK - is the process of
the message is meant for. It is the
ensuring that the receiver has
receiver who tries to understand the
received the messages and
message in the best possible manner
understood in the same sense
in achieving the desired objectives.
as mean it.
▪ DECODING - The person who
receives the message or symbols
from the communicator tries to
convert the same in such ways so
that he may extract its meaning to his
complete understanding. 21
THERAPEU
TIC
22
Therapeutic communication is defined as
a process in which the nurse consciously
influences the patient or helps them in
better understanding through verbal and
nonverbal communication, while
encouraging patients to express their
feelings and ideas, which is an important
prerequisite for the realization of relation
Therapeutic
of mutual acceptance and respect.
communication
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 Therapeutic
communication
Therapeutic communication is a collection of
techniques that prioritize the physical,
mental and emotional well-being of
patients. Nurses provide patients with
support and information while maintaining
a level of professional distance and
objectivity.
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 Therapeutic
communication
Therapeutic communication is defined
as the face-to-face process of
interaction that focuses on advancing
the physical and emotional well-being of
a patient. Nurses use therapeutic
communication techniques to provide
education and support to patients, while
maintaining objectivity and professional
distance.

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Therapeutic
communication
With therapeutic communication, nurses
often use open-ended statements and
questions, repeat information, or use
silence to prompt patients to work
through problems on their own.

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 Verbal Communication Skills
Verbal communication consists of the words a person uses to speak to one or more listeners.
Using concrete messages  Using therapeutic Avoiding nontherapeutic Interpreting signals or cues
 The nurse should use communication communication  To understand what a
words that are as clear  In contrast, there client means, the nurse
techniques
as possible when  The choice of are many watches and listens
speaking to the client technique depends on nontherapeutic carefully for cues; cues
so that the client can the intent of the techniques that are verbal or nonverbal
understand the interaction and the nurses should messages that signal
message; in a concrete client’s ability to avoid; these keywords or issues for
message, the words are communicate verbally; responses cut off the client; finding cues is
explicit and need no overall, the nurse communication a function of active
interpretation, the selects techniques that and make it more listening often, cue
speaker uses nouns facilitate the interaction difficult for the words introduced by the
instead of pronouns; and enhance interaction to client can help the nurse
concrete questions are communication continue. to know what to ask next
clear, direct, and easy between client and or how to respond to the
to understand. client. 27
nurse .
 ▪ Therapeutic communication also involves nonverbal communication is behavior that a person exhibits
while delivering verbal content.
Nonverbal Communication Skills
Facial expression
 The human face produces the most visible, complex,
and sometimes confusing nonverbal messages; facial
movements connect with words to illustrate meaning;
this connection demonstrates the speaker’s internal
dialogue.
Body language
 Body language (gestures, postures, movements,
and body positions) is a nonverbal form of
communication; closed body positions, such as
crossed legs or arms folded across the chest,
indicate that the interaction might threaten the
listener who is defensive or not accepting; a
better, more accepting body position is to sit
facing the client with both feet on the floor,
knees parallel, hands at the side of the body,
and legs uncrossed or crossed only at the ankle.
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Nonverbal Communication Skills
Therapeutic communication also involves nonverbal communication is behavior that a person exhibits while
delivering verbal content.

Vocal cues Eye contact

 Vocal cues are nonverbal sound signals
transmitted along with the content: voice
volume, tone, pitch, intensity, emphasis, speed,
and pauses augment the sender’s message;
volume, the loudness of the voice, can indicate
anger, fear, happiness, or deafness; tone can
indicate whether someone is relaxed, agitated,
or bored; pitch varies from shrill and high to
low and threatening; intensity is the power,
severity, and strength behind the words;
emphasis refers to accents on words or phrases
that highlight the subject, and speed is the
number of words spoken per minute.
 The eyes have been called the mirror of the
soul because they often reflect our emotions;
eye contact, looking into the other person’s
eyes during communication, is used to assess
the other person and the environment and to
indicate whose turn it is to speak; it increases
during listening but decreases while speaking.
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 Therapeutic Communication
Techniques
There are several therapeutic communication techniques that nurses can use when
assessing and treating patients. These techniques can prove to be beneficial both as
patients receive care and during their recovery.

Accepting. Encouraging comparison.

 Indicating reception
 An accepting response indicates the nurse
has heard and followed the train of thought.
Broad openings.
 Allowing the client to take the initiative in
introducing the topic.
 Broad openings make explicit that the
client has the lead in the interaction.
Consensual validation.
 Searching for mutual understanding, for
accord in the meaning of the words.
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 Asking that similarities and differences be
noted.
 Comparing ideas, experiences, or
relationships brings out many recurrent
themes.
Encouraging description of prescriptions.
 Asking the client to verbalize what he or
she perceives.
 To understand the client, the nurse must
see things from his or her perspective.
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 Therapeutic Communication
Techniques
Encouraging expression.  Giving information.
 Asking the client to appraise the quality of  Making available the facts that the client
his or her experiences. needs.
Exploring. Giving recognition.
 Delving further into a subject or idea.  Acknowledging, indicating awareness.
Focusing. Making observations.
 Concentrating on a single point.  Verbalizing what the nurse perceives.

Formulating a plan of action. Offering self.

 Asking the client to consider kinds of  Making oneself available.
behavior likely to be appropriate in future
Placing event in time or sequence.
situations.  Clarifying the relationship of events in
General leads. time.
Presenting reality.
 Giving encouragement to continue.
 Offering for consideration that which is
real.
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 Therapeutic Communication
Techniques
Reflecting
 Directing client actions, thoughts, and
feelings back to client.
Restating
 Repeating the main idea expressed.
Seeking information
 Seeking to make clear that which is not
meaningful or that which is vague.
Silence
 Absence of verbal communication, which
provides time for the client to put thoughts
or feelings into words, to regain
composure, or to continue talking
Suggesting collaboration
 Offering to share, to strive, to work with
the client for his or her benefit.
Summarizing
 Organizing and summing up that which
has gone before.
Translating into feelings
 Seeking to verbalize client’s feelings that
he or she expresses only indirectly.
Verbalizing the implied
 Voicing what the client has hinted or
suggested.
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 Therapeutic Communication
Techniques
Voicing doubt Confronting
 Expressing uncertainty about the reality of  Nurse’s verbal response to incongruence
the client’s perception. between client’s words and actions.
Open-ended comments Setting limits
 Unfinished sentences that prompt the  Stating expectations for appropriate
client to continue. Questions that cannot behavior.
be answered with a one-word answer.  Establishing behavioral parameters.
Clarifying
 Makes the meaning of client’s message
clear.
 Prevents nurse from making assumptions
about client’s message.

3333
 Therapeutic communication is not just a
▪ Therapeutic communication is not just a task or
task or process that helps patients have a
process thatexperience
more welcoming helps patients have they
when a more welcoming
experience
are receiving healthwhen
carethey are receiving
treatment. It is health care
something that can
treatment. It help improvethat
is something health
can help improve
outcomeshealth
and outcomes
ensure that andpatients fully patients fully
ensure that
understand their their
understand current health
current caresituation. 
health care
situation. 

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THANK
YOU
REFERENCES:

https://online.stmary.edu/msn/resources/the-5-cs-of-caring

https://www.slideserve.com/daniel_millan/caring-in-nursing-powerpoint-ppt-presentation

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https://www.americannursinghistory.org/models-nursing-care
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20nursing%20model%20of,work%20collaboratively%20and%20share%20responsibility
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) https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the-communication-process-definition-steps.html https://
www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/principles-of-management/communication-and-interpersonal-skills/the-communication-process
https://www.usa.edu/blog/communication-in-nursing/