Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Peshawar, Pakistan
By:
Prof. Dr. Bashir Alam
Civil Engineering Department
Topics to be Covered
• Cables
• Examples
• Examples
• Arches
Cables
Cables:
• Cables are often used in engineering structures for support and to
transmit loads from one member to another.
• Cables used to support suspension roofs, bridges, and trolley wheels,
cables form the main load-carrying element in the structure.
• In the force analysis of such systems, the weight of the cable itself
may be neglected; however, when cables are used as guys for radio
antennas, electrical transmission lines, and derricks, the cable weight
may become important and must be included in the structural
analysis.
Cables
Cables:
• Cables stretch well and are light, so they are useful in large span
structures.
• Cable is flexible and in-extensible; hence does not resist
any bending moment or shear force; same as truss bar.
• Cable is in-extensible, hence the length is always constant.
Cables
Cables are mostly used in long span bridges.
Cable
Cable
Anchorage Road Way
Provided these loadings are coplanar with the cable, the requirements
for equilibrium are formulated in an identical manner.
Cables
Cables:
cable and its slope, we will make the assumption that the cable is
Being inextensible, the cable has a constant length both before and
rigid body.
Cables
1. Cables subjected to concentrated loads:
A
D
yB
yC
B
C
P1
P2
L1 L2 L3
L
Cables
1. Cables subjected to concentrated loads:
A
D
yC
yD
B
C
P1
P2
L1 L2 L3
L
Cables
1. Cables subjected to concentrated loads:
A
D
yC
yD
B
P1 C
P2
L1 L2 L3
L
Cables
1. Cables subjected to concentrated loads:
2m
h D
B
C 2m
3 kN
8 kN
2m 2m 1.5 m
Cables
1. Cables subjected to concentrated loads:
• 1 geometrical unknown h h
2m
D
B
• 8 unknowns C 2m
• 8 equilibrium equations 3 kN
8 kN
(two at each joint)
2m 2m 1.5 m
• So cable is statically determinate
Cables
1. Cables subjected to concentrated loads:
3 kN
8 kN
2m 2m 1.5 m
+ MA = 0:
TCD(3/5)(2 m) + TCD(4/5)(5.5 m) - 3kN(2 m) - 8 kN(4 m) = 0
TCD = 6.79 kN
Cables
1. Cables subjected to concentrated loads:
+ Fx = 0: 6.79(3/5) - TCB cos BC = 0 + Fx = 0: - TBA cos BA + 4.82cos 32.3o = 0
+ + Fy = 0: TBA sin BA - 4.82sin 32.3o -3 = 0
Fy = 0: 6.79(4/5) - 8 + TCB sin BC = 0
Solving both equations simultaneously
Solving both equations simultaneously
BA = 53.8o TBA = 6.90
BC = 32.3 o TCB = 4.82 kN
kN
h = 2tanBA = 2tan53.8 = 2.74 m
o
Cables
1. Cables subjected to concentrated loads:
A B
3’
C D
5k 5k
3’ 4’ 3’
Cables
1. Cables subjected to concentrated loads:
A B
3’
C D
5k 5k
3’ 4’ 3’
,
Cables
1. Cables subjected to concentrated loads:
TCA
TCD
x
C
5 kN
F𝑦= 0
⇒ TAC = 7.07 k
TAC sin45 = 5
TAC Cos45 – TCD = 0 ⇒ TCD = 5k
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed loads:
y
B
A
x
L
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed loads:
y T
T
W
To
To x
W T cos = To = FH = Constant
x=L
T sin = W
𝑑𝑦 𝑤
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑇𝑜
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed loads:
y
B
A
x
L
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed loads:
T wo x
x
For x=L & y=H
To
To = FH =woL2/2H
Tmax wo L
To
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed loads:
• Derivation:
wo
h
x
x x
L
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed loads:
• Derivation: wo(x) Δ𝑥
2
T + T
O
s y
T x
• Derivation:
Dividing each of these equations by x and taking the limit as 0, and hence
x
y 0, 0, and T 0, we obtain
• Derivation:
Integrating Eq. 5-2, where T sin = 0 at x = 0, gives
Dividing Eq. 5-5 Eq. 5-4 eliminates T. Then using Eq. 5-3, we can obtain
the slope at any point,
From Eq. 5-4, the maximum tension in the cable occurs when is maximum; i.e.,
at x = L. Hence, from Eqs. 5-4 and 5-5,
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed loads:
• Derivation:
From Eq. 5-4, the maximum tension in the cable occurs when is maximum; i.e.,
at x = L. Hence, from Eqs. 5-4 and 5-5,
Or, using Eq. 5-8, we can express Tmax in terms of wo, i.e.,
• We have neglect the weight of the cable which is uniform along the length
• A cable subjected to its own weight will take the form of a catenary curve
• If the sag-to-span ratio is small, this curve closely approximates a parabolic shape.
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed loads:
30 m
A C
12 m
6m
B
wo = 12 kN/m
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed loads:
TA
30 m
A
A y TC
C C
12 m
6m
B
x
wo = 12 kN/m
30 - L´ L´
x2 x1
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed loads:
wo = 12 kN/m
12 L´
L´
x1
T 12x1
To
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed
loads:
A y
A
12 x2 T
12 m B To x
wo = 12 kN/m
To
12 (30 - L´)
30 - L´
x2
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed loads:
12 x2 T
To
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed loads:
TB = To = 154.50 kN
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed loads:
TC 12 L´
12 (30 - L´ ) TA
C
A
To
To
Cables
2. Cables subjected to uniform distributed loads:
indeterminate indeterminate
indeterminate
determinate
Arches
2. Types of Arches according to their shapes
• Circular or curved or segmental arch
• Parabolic arch
• Elliptical arch
• Polygon arch
3. Types of Arches according to materials
• Steel arches
• Reinforced concrete arches
• Masonry arches (stone or brick)
Arches
Eddy’s Theorem :
arch is proportional to the vertical intercept between the linear arch (or
OR
The bending moment at any point on the arch is the difference between
simple span bending moment and product Hy” .
Where H is the horizontal thrust at supports (springings), y is the rise
of arch at a distance 𝑋 from the origin.
Arches
Eddy’s Theorem :
• Shape of simple span bending moment diagram due to applied loads
• Consider the arch shown on next slide carrying the loads P1, P2 and
Bending moment at 𝑋 is
Where µ𝑋 = 𝑉𝑎 × 𝑋 − 𝑃1(𝑋 − 𝑎) =
𝑀 𝑋 = 𝑉𝑎 𝑋 − 𝐻𝑦 − 𝑃1(𝑋 − 𝑎) Simple span bending moment considering
𝑀 𝑋 = µ𝑋 − 𝐻𝑦. (𝐸𝑑𝑑𝑦’ 𝑠 the arch to be a simple beam.
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚)
Arches
Three hinged Arch:
• To provide some insight as to how arches transmit loads, we will
now consider the analysis of a three-hinged arch.
• In this case, the third hinge is located at the crown and the
supports are located at different elevations.
Arches
Three hinged Arch:
In order to determine the reactions at the supports, the arch is
disassembled and the free-body diagram of each member is shown
Arches
Three hinged Arch:
One method of solving this problem is to apply the moment
equilibrium equations about points A and B.
Simultaneous solution will yield the reactions and The
support reactions are then determined from the force equations of
equilibrium.
Three hinged Arch:
Arches
• Once the reactions obtained, the internal normal force, shear, and
moment loadings at any point along the arch can be found using the
method of sections.
• The section should be taken perpendicular to the axis of the arch at
the point considered.
• For example, the free-body diagram for segment AD.
Arches
Example 04:
The three-hinged open-spandrel arch bridge has a parabolic shape
and supports the uniform load. Show that the parabolic arch is
subjected only to axial compression at an intermediate point such as
point D. Assume the load is uniformly transmitted to the arch ribs.
Arches
Example 04: Solution
+ MA = 0:
+ MB = 0:
Cx = 160 kN
+ Fx = 0: 𝐵 𝑥 = 160 kN
𝑥 = 10𝑚
y = -10(10)2/(20)2 = -2.5m
𝑑𝑦 −20
𝑥| = −0.5
tan 𝜃 = = 2 2 𝑥 = 10𝑚
𝑑𝑥
0
+ Fx = 0
+ Fy = 0
- 80 kN - ND sin 26.6o – VD cos 26.6o = 0 ---- Eq-B
VD = 0 kN ND = 178.9 kN
+ MD = 0
MD+ 80 (5 m) – 160(2.5m) = 0
MD = 0
References