App roa c h es to (or
4.
cy
theories on) Poli
Study
TION AND
POLICY FORMULA
N
IMPLEMENTATIO
D Tanilon
Catherine Jane
May be viewed as a political systems response to demands
arising from its environment. The political system comprises those
identifiable and interrelated institutions and activities (what we
usually think of as governmental institutions and political
processes) in a society that make authoritative allocations of values
(decisions) that are binding on society. (Easton)
The environment consists of all phenomena—the social
system, the economic system, the biological setting—that are
external to the boundaries of-the political system. Thus at least
analytically one can separate theSypolitical
ste m T h esystem
ory from all the other
oli tic al
components of a society.P
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3
political
Public policy as
activity
One of the main
agents for policy
change is the
initiative by the
interest groups.
Thus, the role of the
political system is to
establish and enforce
They pressure
compromise between
and interact with
the policy makers various, conflicting
on preferences interests in society
and self-interest.
Group Theory
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li c policy as group equilibrium
Pub
Public policies are viewed as preferences and values
of governing elite. Policies flow downward from elites to
masses; they do not arise from mass demands. This
theory is based on the assumption that, a small, elite
group (usually government) is solely responsible for
policy decisions. The elite group govern an ill-informed
public. Public policiesElitare
e Thviewed as preferences and
e or y
values of governing elite. Policies flow downward from
elites to masses; they do not arise from mass demands.
1
1 Pu22blic policy as 3
elite prefe3rence
Public policy is determined by political institutions, which give policy
legitimacy. Government universally applies policy to all citizens of society and
monopolizes the use of force in applying policy. The legislature, executive and
judicial branches of government are examples of institutions that give policy
legitimacy.
The relationship between public policy and government institution is close
because a public policy cannot become a public policy until it is opted,
implemented and enforced by some government institutions.
Government institutions give public policy Legitimacy, Legal obligation that
command loyalty of the citizens, Universality and Coercion/Force. It is
precisely this ability of government to command the loyalty of its citizens, to
Insthe
enact policies governing tituwhole
tionsociety,
alismand Thtoeomonopolize the legitimate
ry
use of force that encourages individuals and groups to work for enactment of
their preferences into policy.
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Public policy as
institutional ou
t put
Rational Model is the process for making
1• Defining the problem by analyzing the data and the information gathered.
2•logically sound
Identifying the decision decisions
criteria in
that will be important policy
in solving themaking
problem. The in
must determine the relevant factors to take into account when making the decision.
the
decisionmaker
3•public
A brief list sector,
of the possiblealthough
alternatives mustthe model
be generated; theseiscouldalso widely
succeed to resolve the
problem.
used in private corporations. Herbert A. Simon,
4• A critical analyses and evaluation of each criterion is brought through. For example, strength and
the tables
weakness father of are
of each alternative rational
drawn and usedmodels,
for comparative basis.describes
The decision maker
then weights the previously identified criteria in order to give the alternative policies a correct priority
inrationality
the decision. as “a style of behavior that is
appropriate
alternative.
to the achievement
5• The decision-maker evaluates each alternative against the criteria
Rationa l C h a n g e T of
h e o given
ry goals,
and selects the preferred
6•within
The policy isthe
brought limits
through. imposed by given conditions
and constraints”
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2
2 3
y a s m ax im u m s ocial gain
Public polic
The view of organizations as open social systems that
must interact with their environments in order to survive is
known as the systems theory approach. Organizations
depend on their environments for several essential
resources: customers who purchase the product or service,
suppliers who provide materials, employees who provide
labor or management, shareholders who invest, and
governments that regulate. According to Cutlip, Center,
and Broom, public relations’ essential role is to help
Systeand
organizations adjust ms Tadapt
heory to changes in an
organization’s environment.Cutlip, Center, and Broom
(2006).
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Public policy as
s ystem output
How p ol ic ie s a r e
5.
promulgated?
TION AND
POLICY FORMULA
N
IMPLEMENTATIO
ero
Marvin T Pabab
Policies are typically promulgated through official
written documents. Policy documents often come with the
endorsement or signature of the executive powers within
an organization to legitimize the policy and demonstrate
that it is considered in force. Such documents often have
standard formats that are particular to the organization
issuing the policy.
How policies are
promulgated?
Bicycle
