Foot and Ankle Joint

ANATOMY
Foot bones
Foot has 26 bones :
1
• Calcaneus (1)
• Talus (1)
• Navicular (1)
• Cuboids (1)
• Cuneiform (3)
• Metatarsal (5)
• Phalanges (14)
 Ankle joint
Ankle joint consist of two joint, talar
joint and subtalar joint

Talar joint (talocrural joint)

 Talar joint (ankle joint) is an true
joint that made by three bones ;
distal end of fibula, distal end of
tibia and talus bone.
 Type of this joint is hinge joint that
provide 2 movement ; plantar
flexion and dorsal flexion
 Ankle joint

Sub talar joint

 Sub talar joint is also known as
talocalcaneal joint. It is made by 2
bones ; talus and calcaneus bone
 This joint provide eversion and
inversion movement of foot.
movement

Ankle joint has some movement

 They are ;
- Flexion (dorsal flexion)
- Extension (plantar flexion)
- Eversion
- inversion
movement

Dorsi flexion (flexion)

 This movement are created by anterior
tibialis muscle.
 Anterior tibialis muscle is located in anterior
part of foot.
- Origin : lateral condyle, 2/3 anterior
lateral surface of tibia
- Insertion : medial cuneiform and
metatarsal 1
- Nervous system : perennial nerve
movement

Plantar flexion (extension)

 This movement are created by 2 muscle
gastroc nemius and soleus (triceps surae).

 Gastroc nemius muscle is located in posterior

part of foot.
- Origin : medial and lateral condyle of
femur
- Insertion : posterior of calcaneus
- Nervous system : tibial nerve
movement

Plantar flexion (extension)

 This movement are created by 2 muscle
gastroc nemius and soleus (triceps surae).

 Soleus muscle is located in posterior part of

foot.
- Origin : posterior surface of fibula head
- Insertion : posterior of calcaneus
- Nervous system : tibial nerve
movement

Inversion
 This movement are created by 2 muscle
tibialis anterior and posterior.

 Tibialis posterior muscle is located in

posterior part of foot.
- Origin : lateral posterior proximal tibiae
- Insertion : naviculare, cuneiforms,
cuboids, 2-4 metatarsal
- Nervous system : tibial nerve
movement

Eversion
 This movement are created by 2 muscle
peroneus longus and brevis .

 Peroneus longus muscle is located in lateral

part of foot.
- Origin : head and proximal lateral fibula
- Insertion : medial cuneiform
- Nervous system : fibula nerves
movement

Eversion
 This movement are created by 2 muscle
peroneus longus and brevis .
 Peroneus brevis muscle is located in lateral
part of foot.
- Origin : distal lateral fibula
- Insertion : metatarsal V
- Nervous system : fibula nerves
movement

Range of motion (ROM) ankle joint

• Plantar flexion 0–50

• Dorsal flexion 0–20
• Inversion 0–35
• Eversion 0–25
Three main functions of human foot and ankle

Weight-bearing stability

shock absorption

Progression/ limb advancement.

 Saat ini sudah tersedia banyak pilihan
prosthetic foot ; renang, lari.,

 Pengembangan bahan yang lebih kuat

dan ringan; alumunium alloy, carbon
fiber

 Pengembangan desain menyerupai

fungsi kaki ; energy return dan store

Ref: A publication of the amputee coalition of america in partnership with the U.S
Army Amputee patient care program
Functon of prosthetic foot

1. Provide a base for the weight bearing

2. Shock absorption and controlled plantar flexion in loading response.
3. Accomodation to uneven terrain and controlled advancement of the prosthetic shank during midstance.
4. Heel rise and weight transfer during terminal stance.
5. Transmission through double support and preparation for the swing phase.

Ref:- Michelle M. Lucardi, Orthotics and prosthetics in rehabilitaion, 2nd edition,

422.