Materials for

Orthotic and
Prosthetic
Applications Images Source: Pixabay.com.

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 About This Resource
HOPE Careers Consortium is a partnership of five institutions of higher education that is building exciting new programs that will provide valuable career
education and training in the Orthotics, Prosthetics, and Pedorthics (O&P) sector. The five institutions are:

Baker College – Flint, Michigan;

Century College – White Bear Lake, Minnesota;
Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology – Okmulgee, Oklahoma;
Spokane Falls Community College – Spokane, Washington; and
St. Petersburg College – St. Petersburg, Florida.

This Open Educational Resource (OER) is provided with the goal of helping learners more fully understand the many types of materials that can be used when selecting,
designing, adjusting, and fabricating orthotic and prosthetic devices.

This workforce product was funded by a grant awarded by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment Training Administration. The product was created by the grantee
and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The U.S. Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of
any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or
its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. Produced 2016.
 Objectives
Upon successful completion of this Open Educational Resource presentation,  Contrast and compare the key properties and uses of common thermoplastics
you will be able to: in the O&P field;

 Evaluate material variables to determine how best to meet a patient’s need;  Compare and contrast the differences between thermoplastic and thermoset;

 Compare and contrast open-cell and closed-cell foam structures;  Describe the properties and uses of foams and gels;

 Describe the purpose of a durometer scale;  Describe the properties and uses of textiles;

 Describe the purpose of a Mohs scale;  Compare and contrast the differences between metals that are malleable and
metals that are ductile;
 Describe the properties and uses of leather in O&P devices;
 Compare and contrast the attributes of polyester, vinyl ester, and epoxy resins;
 Explain how leather is measured; and

 Describe the properties and uses of cork in O&P devices;  List protective measures to take when working with chemicals and dust.

 Describe the properties and uses of carbon composites;

Introduction: Course Management
MATERIALS FOR ORTHOTIC AND PROSTHETIC APPLICATIONS
There was a time when leather, wood, and steel were the primary
materials used when designing and fabricating orthotic and
prosthetic devices. Not anymore. In the O&P field, thermoplastics
and other synthetic materials provide varying combinations of
strength, weight, flexibility, and energy return, while composites
and metal alloys facilitate lighter, stronger artificial limbs.
So, what materials should be selected for any given patient?
Factors to consider include the patient’s age, weight, general
health, occupation, hobbies and aspirations, where they live (cold
or warm climate), and insurance coverage.
And because there are so many material choices available and
each has its own advantages and disadvantages, decisions must be
made to balance material qualities, such as firmness, flexibility,
rigidity, adjustability, strength … and so on.
This presentation helps to address some of these issues by providing:
1. Information about the considerations to make when working with
orthotic and prosthetic materials;
2. Categories and descriptions of materials used in the O&P industry:
natural, synthetic, textiles, and metals;
3. Information about the chemicals used in O&P devices; and
4. Helpful, self-assessment sections.
Note: Self-assessments sections are provided throughout the presentation. In
addition, each materials section and the chemicals section includes a link to Quizlet,
which enables further self-assessment. Quizlet is a fun and easy online learning
resource featuring “STUDY” tools and “PLAY” tools. Visit the site to further your
understanding of the information presented here.
The length of time it will take a learner to complete this self-study resource depends
greatly on the learner’s style and pace of learning as well as his / her current
understanding of the subject matter. However, an estimate has been made that a
learner could thoroughly read and review this material, as well as participate in all
self-assessment opportunities, in approximately six hours.
Introduction:
Orthotic and Prosthetic Terms
ORTHOTIC DEVICES
Orthotic devices include:
• FO—Foot Orthosis;
• AFO—Ankle Foot Orthosis;
• KAFO—Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis;
• HKAFO—Hip Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis;
• KO—Knee Orthosis;
• HO—Hip Orthosis;
• WHO—Wrist Hand Orthosis;
• EWHO—Elbow Wrist hand Orthosis;
• SEWHO—Shoulder Elbow Wrist Hand Orthosis;
• SO—Sacral Orthosis;
• LSO—Lumbar Sacral Orthosis;
• TLSO—Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis; and
• CTLSO—Cervical Thoraco Lumbar Sacral Orthosis.
PROSTHESIS TYPES
Types of prostheses include:
• TM—Transmetatarsal Amputation;
• AD—Ankle Disarticulation;
• TT—Transtibial;
• TF—Transfemoral;
• HD—Hip Disarticulation;
• HP—Hemipelvectomy;
• WD—Wrist Disarticulation;
• TR—Transradial;
• ED—Elbow Disarticulation;
• TH—Transhumeral;
• SD—Shoulder Disarticulation; and
• IT—Interscapulo Thoracic.
 Index
Below is a list of terms/product names used in the O&P field as they relate to materials.
Note: Registered trademark information can be found at the conclusion of this presentation.

A: Acetal, Acrylic, Acrylic Resin, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS),
Aliplast®, Aluminum, and Aramid.
B: Basalt Braid, Bidirectional Carbon Fiber, and Birko Cork.
C: Carbon, Carbon Composites, Carbon Fiber, Carbon Fiber Braid, Carbon
Fiber Reinforced Plastic / Polymer (CFRP), Carboplast®, Closed-Cell Foam,
Collagen, Compressive Strength, Co-Polymer, Copper, Corium, Cork, Cork
Compounds, and Cushion Cork.
D: Dacron Felt, Dacron Strap, Ductility, and Durometer.
E: Elasti-CorkTM, Epoxy Resin, Ethyl Vinyl Acetate (EVA), and Evazote®.
N: Neoprene, Nickelplast-S, Nyglass Stockinette, Nylon, and Nylon Stockinette.
O: Open-Cell Foam, OrtholenTM, and Orthoplast®.
P: P-CellTM, PPT®, Pe-Lite®, Perlon Stockinette, Plastazote®, Polycarbonate,
Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG), Polyester Resin, Polyethylene,
Polyethylene Foam, Polymer, Polypropylene, Polyurethane, Polyurethane
Foam, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Poron®, Pre-Preg, Proflex, and Proflex with
Silicone.
R: Resins and Rubber.

F: Fiberglass, Fiberglass Tapes and Sleeves, and Foams. S: Silicone, Spenco®, Stainless Steel, Styrene, SubOrtholen®, and Surlyn®.

G: Gels. T: TL-2100, Tensile Strength, Thermo CorkTM, Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE),

Thermoplastics, Thermoset, ThermoSKY®, and Titanium.
I: Impact Strength and Iron.
K: Kevlar®, KorexTM, and Kydex®. U: Unidirectional Carbon Fiber.

L: Lamination, Lay-Up, and Leather. V: Velcro® and Vivak®.

M: Malleability, Microcel Puff®, Mohs Scale of Hardness, Molding Y: Yield Strength.

Temperature, and Multicork . TM
Section 1: Decision-Making Tools
Decision-Making Tools: Overview
Here you will find information that O&P professionals utilize when considering their material options.
Decision-Making Tools: Material Variables
Here are variables O&P professionals consider when determining their selection of materials. Note: Additional variables continue on following slides.

STRENGTH. DENSITY.
Types of strengths measured in the O&P field: A consideration when determining how to make the O&P device as
(1) Tensile strength: the resistance of a material to break light as possible without sacrificing strength, stiffness, and
durability. Calculation: The material’s weight per unit
under tension, (2) Compressive strength: the resistance of a
of volume. Related to density is specific (or relative) gravity, which
material under compression, (3) Yield strength: the lowest
is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a given
stress that produces a permanent deformation in a material,
reference material (usually water).
and (4) Impact strength: the ability of the material to support
or sustain an applied load.
HARDNESS.
With rubbers, polyurethane, and plastics, hardness is described as
DURABILITY.
the material’s resistance to permanent indentation and is
The ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage.
determined through the use of a durometer (measurement and
More specifically, it refers to resistance-to-fatigue failure and instrument). With metals, hardness can be determined through the
repeated ability to withstand loading and unloading cycles. use of a Mohs scale.
Decision-Making Tools:
Material Variables, continued
STIFFNESS.
The rigidity of a structure; the extent to which
it resists deformation, bending, or compression
when a material is loaded. The stiffer a structure,
the less flexible it is and the less likely
that deformation will occur.
Calculation: Load divided by deformation.
MOLDING TEMPERATURE.
The recommended temperature at which materials should be
heated for optimal molding. Note: This is typically different from
the melting temperature.
THICKNESS.
“Iron” is a thickness-measurement tool used in the shoe industry
and when dealing with leather.
Calculation: One iron is equal to 1/48 inch.
Synthetic O&P materials, such as thermoplastics and foams, are
sold in sheets of varying thicknesses.
CORROSION RESISTANCE.
The degree to which the material is susceptible to chemical
degradation. Contact with body fluids is an important
consideration.
Decision-Making Tools:
Material Variables, continued

GRINDABILITY. MALLEABILITY.
Defines whether or not the material can be used on a grinder. The property of a metal that enables it to be hammered, bent,
pressed, or rolled into sheets without breaking.

SHEET SIZE. DUCTILITY.

The property of a metal that enables it to stretch without
The size and depth to which a given sheet of material is cut –
damage.
typically available in a full or half sheet, roll, or wheel.

LAMINATION.
The number of layers or materials glued together to form a
single sheet. Laminating materials with different
characteristics together can often produce better functioning
materials.
 Decision-Making Tools:
Open- versus Closed-Cell Foams
Foamed thermoplastics are formed by forcing nitrogen or some other gas into the plastic during heating. They can be open-cell or closed-cell
structures. Below is an overview of the key differences in the two types of cell foams.

Open-Cell Foam. Closed-Cell Foam.

 Pores are connected to form an interconnected network, which
allows air to flow between the cells.
When air fills the space, the foam becomes soft.
Breathable, soft, spongy.
Low Density: ½ to ¾ of a pound per cubic foot.
Absorbs moisture.
Resistant to compression deformation.
 One of the most common open-cell foams used in O&P is Poron®. It
is a polyurethane foam that is compression-set resistant, fungal
resistant, and breathable. Typical applications for Poron in the O&P
field include custom and prefabricated orthoses, prosthetic padding,
and biomechanical supports.
Pores are not interconnected, but instead “piled” together.
Bubbles of trapped air are surrounded by cell walls, making the foam more
rigid.
Lightweight and washable.
Medium Density: 2 to 3 pounds per cubic foot.
Does not absorb fluids/ moisture.
Susceptible to compression.
One of the most common closed-cell foams used in O&P is Plastazote®. It is
a polyethylene foam and is lightweight, non-toxic, odorless, and will not
absorb water. Typical applications for Plastazote in the O&P field include
custom and prefabricated foot orthoses, soft-touch skin contact material
(used in braces, splints, collars, and other supports), and lightweight
cosmetic covers for upper and lower limb prostheses.
Decision-Making Tools:
Durometer Scales of Hardness
THE DUROMETER.
The purpose of a durometer is to identify the hardness of materials—specifically, polymers,
elastomers, and rubbers. It helps determine the material’s resistance to permanent indentation.

The durometer is both a measurement as well as the gauge instrument used to determine the
measurement. Albert Shore defined and developed hardness durometer scales—the three most
common being Shore 00, Shore A, and Shore D. The points on the presser foot of the gauges get
progressively sharper, from Shore 00 to Shore A to Shore D.

Durometer readings should:

• Have a minimum thickness of ¼ inch;
• Be measured parallel to the surface; and
• Be measured within one second of pressing down with the gauge.
Note: Additional durometer information follows on the next slide.
Decision-Making Tools:
Durometer Scales of Hardness,
continued
Here is a snapshot of how Shore scales overlap when identifying the hardness of various materials.
All values, ranges, and item examples are approximate and should be used as a general guide only.
 Decision-Making Tools:
Mohs Scale
The Mohs scale ranks materials—specifically, minerals, GRADE/VALUE and SUBSTANCE
gemstones, and metals—on their hardness. 1 to 1.5: Tin, Plastic, Pencil Lead;
2: Cadmium;
The scale was developed by the German geologist Friedrich 2.5 to 3: Gold, Silver, Aluminum, Copper, Zinc,
Mohs. He used a simple guide of scratch resistance to determine Brass, Bronze;
the hardness grade of each material—that is, which materials will 3.5: Platinum;
scratch other materials, and which materials can get scratched by
4 to 4.5: Iron, Nickel, Steel, Platinum, Iron;
other materials. The scale is considered to be relative in nature
5 to 5.5: Zirconium, Glass;
and somewhat imprecise yet highly useful.
6: Uranium, Titanium;
Referring to the scale to the right, zirconium can be scratched by 7: Quartz;
all the materials that have a higher Mohs grade (such as glass, 7.5 to 8: Emerald, Hardened Steel;
emerald, and diamond). Zirconium, in turn, scratches all the 8: Topaz, Cubic Zirconia;
materials with a of
Here is an example lower Mohs
a Mohs scale.grade (such asofnickel,
Many variations platinum,
the Mohs scale exist.and
9: Tungsten Carbide; and
The Mohs scale provides grades based on a material’s pure state; it assumes no
silver.)
other substances have been added. 10: Diamond.
Decision-Making Tools:
Thermoset versus Thermoplastic
Plastics tend to fall into one of two categories: thermosetting plastics or thermoplastics. Below is an overview of the two types.

THERMOSET PROCESS: Chemical bonding takes THERMOPLASTIC PROCESS: No chemical bonding

place. Polymers form an irreversible chemical bond
when heated. The material will not re-melt when
heat is applied. Materials are heat and deformation
resistant, and tend to be strong and brittle.
Pros: Generally less expensive than thermoplastic;
high level of dimensional stability; good for high-
heat applications; resistant to high temperatures.
Cons: Somewhat difficult to surface finish; cannot be
remolded or reshaped; cannot be recycled.
takes place. Polymers soften when heated but can be
remolded and recycled without affecting the material’s
properties. Materials tend to be high strength, shrink
resistant, chemical resistant, and easily bendable.
Pros: Hard crystalline or rubbery surfaces; can be
remolded and reshaped to accommodate changes or
pressure areas; recyclable.
Cons: Generally more expensive than thermoset; can
melt if heated.
Decision-Making Tools:
Temperature Conversion
Working with orthotic and prosthetic materials requires an understanding of the relationship between Celsius and
Fahrenheit temperatures. Below are formulas for converting between the two types of temperatures.

Converting Fahrenheit temperatures to Celsius temperatures.

1. Take the Fahrenheit temperature and subtract 32.

2. Multiply that number by 5/9 (or .555). This number is the Celsius temperature equivalent.
For example, to convert 95 degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 from 95, which is 63. Multiply 63 times .555.
The answer is 34.965. The Celsius equivalent is 35.

Converting Celsius temperatures to Fahrenheit temperatures.

1. Take the Celsius temperature and multiply by 9/5 (or 1.8).
2. Add 32 to that number. This number is the Fahrenheit temperature equivalent.
For example, to convert 50 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply 50 times 1.8, which is 90. Add 90 plus 32.
The answer is 122. The Fahrenheit equivalent is 122.
Decision-Making Tools:
Measurement Conversion
Use this quick Length. Weight.
reference guide
1 centimeter equals 10 millimeters. 1 milligram equals 0.001 grams.
when determining
the size, thickness, 1 inch equals 2.54 centimeters. 1 gram equals 0.001 kilograms.
and density of 1 foot equals 0.3048 meters. 1 gram approximately equals 0.035273962 ounces.
materials.
1 foot equals 12 inches. 1 ounce equals 28.34952312 grams.
1 yard equals 3 feet. 1 ounce equals 0.0625 pounds.
1 meter equals 100 centimeters. 1 pound equals 16 ounces.
1 meter approximately equals 3.280839895 feet. 1 pound equals 0.45359237 kilograms.
1 furlong equals 660 feet. 1 kilogram equals 1,000 grams.
1 kilometer equals 1,000 meters. 1 kilogram approximately equals 35.273962 ounces.
1 kilometer approximately equals 0.62137119 miles. 1 kilogram approximately equals 2.20462262 pounds.
1 mile equals 5,280 feet. 1 stone equals 14 pounds.
1 mile equals 1.609344 kilometers. 1 short ton equals 2,000 pounds.
1 nautical mile equals 1.852 kilometers. 1 metric ton equals 1,000 kilograms.
Section 2: Natural Materials
Natural Materials: Overview
This diagram provides an overview of how leather and cork, both natural materials, are categorized in terms of firmness and flexibility.
Leather can be used either as a functional or an accommodative material, depending on what casting techniques and other materials are
used. Cork, a subset of bark tissue, is lightweight, resilient, and shock absorbent. Cork compounds can be comprised of liquid latex (a
type of rubber), nylon, wood, leather shavings, or other materials. Each combination produces a different material with different
properties and different uses.
 Natural Materials: Leather
Once processed, which includes the steps of pre-tanning, tanning, and finishing, leather provides
some highly beneficial properties. Specifically, it is:
• Firm;
• Water repellent;
• Fast and soft drying;
• Flexible;
• Durable;
• Non-compressible; and
• Breathable.
Because it provides both shock absorption and control, leather orthotic devices can help control
excessive pronatory forces while limiting excessive vertical stress. For custom orthoses, leather can
be used as top and bottom covers.

Other uses for leather in the O&P field include the lining of straps, thigh lacer suspensions, T-straps
(correction straps), patellar suspension cuffs, knee disarticulate sockets, ankle gauntlets, and wrist-
hand orthoses.

As with all materials, however, leather does have its drawbacks. Leather devices can be more bulky
than thermoplastic/synthetic devices. And while leather has a low-water absorption, it does not
hold up well under repeated soaking.
Natural Materials: Leather, continued
To watch a video on how leather is made, click on the following link: VIDEO: HOW IT’S MADE: LEATHER.
For a transcript only, click on the following link: Video Transcript— How It’s Made: Leather.
LEATHER BASICS.
•
Complex Structure: Corium and Collagen;
• Multi-directional layers of fibers; and
• Layers: Upper is the grain, bottom is the
flesh side, and the center/inner layer is
the Corium (core).
The Corium consists of small woven, twisted
fibers that join together.
The Collagen molecules are long and spiral-
like. Together, they can produce a soft,
flexible, breathable, tough material.
MEASURING LEATHER.
• Measured in square feet and ounces;
•Thickness: In ounces;
•One ounce = 1/64th of an inch.
1 ounce = .75 irons = 1/64 inch = .41
millimeters.
2 ounces = 1.50 irons = 1/32 inch = .78
millimeters.
….and it progresses to …
The “Bend”: Considered the best part of the
8 ounces = 6 irons = 1/8 inch = 3.18
hide because of its thickness and firmness. The millimeters.
hide is cut down the spine to make two sides of
leather. Note: “hide” typically refers to the skin
…and it progresses to …
of a large animal while “skin” refers to the skin 16 ounces = 12 irons = 1/4 inch = 6.36
of a small animal. Image Source: Pixabay.com.
Access the site by clicking on the following link:
millimeters.
Pixabay.com.
Natural Materials: Cork
Cork is a natural, renewable substance. It is harvested from the bark of
cork Oak trees, which are found primarily in southwestern Europe and
northwestern Africa. The trees are unharmed by the harvesting process.

One of its key components is suberin, a waterproof, waxy substance. This

helps make it buoyant, elastic, and fire retardant. Also noteworthy is that
cork has a honeycomb-like structure that consists largely of empty
spaces. Plus, its density (weight per unit of volume) is one-fourth that of
water. These characteristics make cork a highly effective cushioning
material. It is also recognized as being flexible and highly resilient.

For orthotic devices, cork is often combined with other substances,

including rubber, nylon, and thermoplastics.
 Natural Materials: Cork, continued
Below are six cork-based products used in manufacturing custom orthotic devices, along with characteristics and properties of each. This list is a
representation of materials available to O&P professionals and is not intended to be comprehensive in nature.

1. Birko Cork. 4. Cushion Cork.

Cork granules and nylon blend. Cork and rubber blend. Stiff. Not thermoformable but easy to grind and
Porous, lightweight, flexible, strong, supportive. Available in various thicknesses, as skive (cut off in thin layers or pieces) to shape. Common uses include lifts
well as soft and hard densities. Grinds easily. Thermoformable. Common uses include and wedges.
arch support, modifications, and repair.

2. Thermo CorkTM.
5. Elasti-CorkTM.
Cork and rubber blend. Thermoformable. Grindable. Common uses include
Shredded cork and rubber blend. Strong and flexible; good for shock absorption.
base layers for foot orthoses and postings. More rigid than lightweight cork.
Thermoformable. Its density makes it a solid option for those who do not tolerate
rigid devices. Often used when a patient’s weight is a factor. Thermocork® Lite is a
variation of Thermocork.
6. MulticorkTM.
Shredded cork and Ethyl Vinyl Acetate (EVA) blend. Tough, easy to grind,
3. KorexTM. long lasting, good shape retention. Common uses include base layers in foot
Cork granules and rubber blend. Flexible, durable. Grindable. Resists compression orthoses and postings, as well as arch fills, postings, and heel lifts.
forces. Not thermoformable. Common uses include accommodations, forefoot
extensions, and wedges.
 Natural Materials: Review
You have two options for self-assessment:
Visit Quizlet to test your knowledge of natural materials or take the multiple-choice quiz that follows.
Quizlet: Click on the following link: LINK to QUIZLET: NATURAL MATERIALS O&P. Once on the site, click on “Test
Your Knowledge: Natural Materials O&P.” You will see a list of words/terms and their associated meanings. Give
the list a quick review. Choose any or all of the “Study” tools and “Play” tools listed at the top of the page. Test
your knowledge in multiple ways, including flashcards, formal tests, spelling, and timed games. Note: With the
test option, you can re-format in multiple ways and take as many times as you like. When finished, return to
this presentation for more materials information.
Quiz: Use the following quiz to test and apply your knowledge. Read the question and possible answers
provided. Then, proceed to the next slide for the correct answer. This self-assessment consists of 10 questions.
Review Question 1
The skin of a large animal is commonly referred to as the:
A. The hide.
B. The bend.
C. The suberin.
D. The corium.
Answer Question 1
The skin of a large animal is commonly referred to as the:

The answer is “A”: The hide.

Review Question 2
(Blank) is a natural, renewable substance.
A. Leather.
B. Cork.
C. Corium.
D. Rubber.
Answer Question 2
(Blank) is a natural, renewable substance.

The answer is “B”: Cork.

Review Question 3
The waterproof, waxy substance found in cork is:
A. Korex.
B. Suberin.
C. Rubber.
D. There is no such substance in cork.
Answer Question 3
The waterproof, waxy substance found in cork is:

The answer is “B”: Suberin.

Review Question 4
The density of cork is:
A. One-half that of water.
B. One-fourth that of water.
C. Equal to water.
D. Two times that of water.
Answer Question 4
The density of cork is:

The answer is “B”: One-fourth that of water.

Review Question 5
As it relates to leather, a tool for measuring thickness is called a/an:
A. Corium.
B. Collagen.
C. Iron.
D. Density.
Answer Question 5
As it relates to leather, a tool for measuring thickness is called a/an:

The answer is “C”: Iron.

Review Question 6
The skin of a small animal is commonly referred to as:
A. The bend.
B. The suberin.
C. The corium.
D. The skin.
Answer Question 6
The skin of a small animal is commonly referred to as:

The answer is “D”: The skin.

Review Question 7
The best part of the hide because of its thickness and firmness is the:
A. The collagen.
B. The corium.
C. The irons.
D. The bend.
Answer Question 7
The best part of the hide because of its thickness and firmness is the:

The answer is “D”: The bend.

Review Question 8
For orthotic devices, cork is often combined with other substances, including:
A. Rubber, nylon, and corium.
B. Nylon, corium, and thermoplastics.
C. Rubber, nylon, and thermoplastics.
D. Corium, thermoplastics, and collagen.
Answer Question 8
For orthotic devices, cork is often combined with other substances, including:

The answer is “C”: Rubber, nylon, and thermoplastics.

Review Question 9
(Blank) is typically measured in square feet and ounces.
A. Leather.
B. Corium.
C. Collagen.
D. Suberin.
Answer Question 9
(Blank) is typically measured in square feet and ounces.

The answer is “A”: Leather.

Review Question 10
Leather comprises a complex structure of:
A. Corium and cork.
B. Collagen and Korex.
C. Korex and fibers.
D. Corium and collagen.
Answer Question 10
Leather comprises a complex structure of:

The answer is “D”: Corium and collagen.

Section 3: Synthetic Materials
Synthetic Materials: Overview
This diagram provides an overview of how synthetic materials are categorized in terms of firmness and flexibility. Carbon composites
and some plastics are rigid materials designed to control function. Plastics can also be semi-rigid, often constructed by using layers of
softer material that are reinforced with more rigid materials. Foams, ethyl vinyl acetates (EVAs), and gels are softer materials designed
to provide a higher degree of accommodation and flexibility. These materials are more shock absorbent and help minimize pressure.
Note: The softness or rigidness of all materials can vary based on such factors as their thickness or number and types of layers used.
 Synthetic Materials: Carbon
Composites
A composite material is a combination of two or
more materials that, while retaining their respective
identities, produce a material with characteristics
different from the individual components.
The plastic material that surrounds fiber
reinforcement is referred to as the matrix. The
primary purpose of fibers in a composite is to
provide strength and stiffness, but the fiber alone
can be brittle—for example, glass. Two basic types
of high-strength fiber reinforcements used in
prosthetics are glass and carbon.
Fiberglass reinforced plastic/polymer (FRP) is
commonly referred to as simply fiberglass. It is
comprised of fibers and a polymer matrix. The
matrix contributes to the material’s strength.
Reinforcement of the matrix occurs when the FRP
becomes stronger or more elastic as compared to
its original strength and elasticity.
Carbon fiber reinforced plastic/polymer (CFRP)
occurs when carbon fiber bonds with a resin
system—usually epoxy or acrylic. The resin works
with the carbon fibers to form a “weave” in a
geometric arrangement. The chemical bond
created by carbon atoms in the resin matrix
produce a material that is strong and stiff. If the
orthotic or prosthetic device needs to have a
strong strength-to-weight ratio, carbon fiber is a
great option.
For prostheses, these composites can be used for
socket reinforcements, transtibial (TT) and
transfemoral (TF) sockets, and Symes and Knee
Disarticulation Prostheses. For orthotic devices,
these composites work well for people who are
highly active, overweight, or need specialized
orthotic designs.
Synthetic Materials:
Carbon Composites, continued
Reinforced composites should be lightweight, durable, flexible, stiff, and strong under both tension and compression.
Contrast and compare the key characteristics of the materials below.
1. FIBERGLASS.
Heavier than Carbon and Kevlar. Most
economical and most common
composite. Easy to saturate with resin.
Easy to obtain. Durable and flexible.
Twice as strong under compression then
tension.
2.56 grams of Density
620 kilopounds per square inch (ksi)
Tensile Strength
2. CARBON. 3. ARAMID (KEVLAR®).
Almost as light as Kevlar®. Very stiff and Lightest and most expensive composite.
able to hold its shape under stress. Excellent resistance to fracture under
Strong under tension and compression. impact. Resistant to chemicals; difficult to
Carbon fibers create stiffness and saturate with resin. Very poor in
brittleness. Poor resistance to impact.
maintaining structure or form under load.
Five times as strong under compression
1.79 grams of Density
800 ksi Tensile Strength than tension.
1.44 grams of Density
A Carbon-Fiberglass BLEND results in a 400 ksi Tensile Strength
material that is stiff and lightweight
(Carbon) as well as flexible and durable
A Carbon-Kevlar BLEND results in a material
(Fiberglass).
that is light and stiff (Carbon) as well as light
and impact / torque resistant (Kevlar).
Synthetic Materials:
Carbon Composites, continued
Below is additional information about carbon composites/products and the fiber reinforcement process.
1. FIBER.
All the available strength and characteristics of a composite fiber are
displayed and produced only along the length of the fiber.
Fiber comes in two weaves: unidirectional and bidirectional. With
unidirectional, all fibers are parallel. In bidirectional, fibers cross at a 90-
degree angle. The weave and angle used will determine the material’s
strength, flexibility, and best uses. For example, a bidirectional carbon-
fiber weave aligned 45 degrees to the line of progression will produce
great flexibility and could be used in a device that needs low resistance.
2. TL-2100.
TL-2100 is a thermoplastic acrylic-carbon fiber composite laminate. It is
thin, lightweight, strong, heat adjustable, and available in various
thicknesses and rigidities.
3. CARBOPLAST®.
Carboplast® products use high-strength carbon and glass fibers. It is
considered to be more flexible than TL-2100. It is available in various
thicknesses and rigidities.
4. “PRE-PREG.”
“Pre-preg” or “pre-preg carbon” refers to composite fabrics that have been
pre-impregnated by the manufacturer with thermosetting curable resin.
The resin can be polyester, epoxy, or some type of glue. Epoxy is the most
common.
The amount and type of resin used is based on the customer’s
specifications, ensuring the right amount of fiber to resin. Pre-preg
composites tend to be more expensive than thermoplastic sheet materials.
It is available in unidirectional and bidirectional carbon fiber weaves.
 Synthetic Materials:
Thermoplastics
Thermoplastics are plastic materials (polymers) that soften when heated and harden when cooled. They can be remolded and reshaped to accommodate
changes or pressure areas. Thermoplastics provide many benefits because they are lightweight, durable, easy to fabricate, water resistant, easily adjustable, and
recyclable. Typically sold in sheets, thermoplastics are available in many thicknesses, strengths, colors, and finishes.

Following is a list of the types of thermoplastics. Within each group of plastics, Key attributes to consider
different levels of performance are available. when selecting or comparing
• Acrylic; thermoplastics include:
• Polyethylene (PE)—typically categorized by their densities:
 Low density (LDPE); • Sheet size;
 Medium density (MDPE); • Sheet thickness;
 High density (HDPE); and
• Surface type;
 Ultra-high density (UHMWPE).
• Degree of flexibility;
• Polypropylene (PP)—one of the most rigid thermoplastics;
• Degree of rigidity;
• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC);
• Strength (also referred to as
• Co-polymer—a blend of polypropylene and 5% to 10% of LDPE;
• Polystyrene; impact strength);
• Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS); • Color; and
• Nylon; • Heating (or forming or
• Polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG); and molding) temperature.
• Proflex/Proflex with Silicone.
 Synthetic Materials:
Thermoplastics, continued
Below is an overview of thermoplastic materials/products commonly used in the O&P field, along with some of their key attributes.

Polypropylene: Rigid, strong, impact and fatigue resistant, no moisture absorption, self Acrylic: Very rigid, bondable.
adhesive.
Kydex®: PVC and acrylic blend, rigid, strong.
Co-polymer: Good formability, rigid yet flexible, self adhesive.
Ortholen®: Tough, corrosion resistant, does not become brittle
LDPE: Soft, flexible, low tensile strength, easy formability. or absorb perspiration.

HDPE: Durable, flexible, strong, resistant to impact, lightweight. ABS: Strong, stiff, bondable.

Modified Polyethylene: In between co-polymer and LDPE. Acetal: Strong, stiff, enhanced dimensional stability,
low moisture absorption.
Orthoplast®: Low temperature plastic; once heated, can be molded and applied directly to
patient. Proflex: Rubber-like ethylene based, durable, flexible.

Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE): Semi-rigid, flexible, durable. Proflex with Silicone: Very flexible, minimal rigidity, flexible.

PETG (Vivak®): Transparent color, tough, hard, easy to bond and fabricate. Surlyn®: Minimal rigidity, flexible, vacuum formable.

Polycarbonate: High impact strength, durable. SubOrtholen®: High molecular weight HDPE,
flexible, tough polymer, more durable than Ortholen.
 Synthetic Materials:
Thermoplastics, continued
Contrast and compare the key properties of the thermoplastic materials/products listed below.
Note: For heating temperatures, always check the manufacturer’s recommendations.
1. Homopolymer Polypropylene.
SURFACE: Smooth. FLEXIBILITY: Very little. RIGIDITY: Very rigid. IMPACT STRENGTH:
Reasonable to Poor. THICKNESS (IN INCHES): 1/32, 1/16, 3/32, 1/8, 5/32, 3/16, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2,
5/8, 3/4. HEATING TEMPS: 325 to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. COMMON USES IN O&P: Body
jackets, ankle foot orthoses (AFOs), definitive sockets.
2. Colyene Co-Polymer.
SURFACE: Smooth. FLEXIBILITY: More flexible than Homopolymer Polypropylene. RIGIDITY:
Semi-rigid to rigid. IMPACT STRENGTH: Very good.
THICKNESS (IN INCHES): 1/32, 1/16, 3/32, 1/8, 5/32, 3/16, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4. HEATING
TEMPS: 300 to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. COMMON USES IN O&P: Helmets, definitive sockets,
body jackets, splints.
3. PETG (Vivak®).
SURFACE: Smooth. FLEXIBILITY: Minimal. RIGIDITY: Very rigid. IMPACT STRENGTH: Very
brittle. THICKNESS (IN INCHES): 1/16, 1/8, 3/16, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2. HEATING TEMPS: 250 to 300
degrees Fahrenheit. COMMON USES IN O&P: Face masks, check sockets, burn management,
upper limb static orthoses.
4. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE).
SURFACE: Smooth. FLEXIBILITY: More flexible than Homopolymer Polypropylene. RIGIDITY:
Moderate. IMPACT STRENGTH: Very good.
THICKNESS (IN INCHES): 1/32, 1/16, 3/32, 1/8, 5/32, 3/16, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2.
HEATING TEMPS: 325 to 350 degrees Fahrenheit.
COMMON USES IN O&P: Pediatric AFOs, splints, flexible socket interfaces.
5. Modified Polyethylene.
SURFACE: Smooth. FLEXIBILITY: More flexible than Homopolymer Polypropylene. RIGIDITY: Semi-
rigid. IMPACT STRENGTH: Very good.
THICKNESS (IN INCHES): 3/32, 1/8, 5/32, 3/16, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2.
HEATING TEMPS: 270 to 330 degrees Fahrenheit. COMMON USES IN O&P: Spinal orthoses, interim
type of upper and lower limb orthoses.
6. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE).
SURFACE: Smooth. FLEXIBILITY: More flexible than Modified Polyethylene.
RIGIDITY: Semi-rigid. IMPACT STRENGTH: Very good. THICKNESS (IN INCHES): 1/8, 3/16, 1/4.
HEATING TEMPS: 325 to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. COMMON USES IN O&P: May be used in place of
polypropylene; tends to crack under stress.
Synthetic Materials: Thermoplastics
Below is a guide showing which thermoplastics are commonly used in O&P devices as they relate to the human body.

NECK and SPINE DEVICES: HEAD and FACE DEVICES:

Polypropylene, Co-polymer, Modified Polyethylene. Polypropylene, Co-polymer, PETG, Polycarbonate.

UPPER LIMB DEVICES: UPPER BODY DEVICES:

Polypropylene, Co-polymer, LDPE, HDPE, PETG, Polypropylene, Co-polymer, LDPE, HDPE,
Proflex, Orthoplast®, Proflex with Silicone. Modified Polyethylene, Kydex®, ABS.

LOWER LIMB DEVICES: LOWER BODY DEVICES:

Polypropylene, Co-polymer, HDPE, TPE, PETG, Polypropylene, Co-polymer, LDPE, HDPE,
Proflex, Proflex with Silicone. Modified Polyethylene, Kydex®, ABS.

KNEE DEVICES: ANKLE and FOOT DEVICES:

Polypropylene, Co-polymer. Polypropylene, Co-polymer, HDPE, TPE,
Acrylic, Acetal.
 Synthetic Materials: Foams and Gels
The softer, more supportive and protective devices help to absorb shock, minimize pressure, and improve desirable load-bearing. Devices designed to
reach these goals use foam and gel materials. Firmer foams are supportive in nature while the more flexible/compressible foams are more protective.

Foams have multiple uses with foot orthoses:

• Top layers may consist of soft, compressible foam, such as neoprene; they make an orthotic device comfortable and can
extend the life of the material;
• Middle layers often feature polyurethane foams because they are durable, cushioning materials; and
• Bottom layers can comprise firmer, non-compressible materials, such as cork, dense foam, or thin plastic.
Foams are categorized as either open-cell or closed-cell and are typically polyurethane, polyethylene,
and/or ethyl vinyl acetates (EVAs).

The softness or rigidness of a material can vary based on factors, such as its thickness and the number of layers used.
Plastazote®, for example, is a polyethylene, closed-cell foam and is considered a “soft” material when a single layer is used. It
would be considered more rigid if laminated, multiple layers were used.

A variety of gel elastomers (natural or synthetic polymers having elastic properties), such as composite gels, thermoplastic
gels, polyurethane gels, and silicone gels, provides pressure relief and shock absorption.

Silicones are classified as fluids, elastomers, or resins. Common uses for silicones in prosthetic devices include distal end pads
in sockets, and silicone gel inserts. Gel liners conform to the bony prominence of the residual limb and are used to provide
comfort and protection.
Synthetic Materials:
Foams and Gels, continued
Below is an overview of the types of synthetic materials/foams used in the O&P field.
Within each group, different levels of performance are available.
1. POLYURETHANE (PU) FOAMS.
Dense, open-cell, thermosetting
structures that do not conform to the
shape of the foot. PU foams
experience little to no compression
over time.
• PU foams are available in three
groups: flexible, rigid, and
elastomers;
• Memory foam, Poron®, Poron®
Medical, and PPT® are examples
of PU foams;
• Commonly used in the O&P field
for arch support and high-impact
applications.
2. POLYETHYLENE (PE) FOAMS. 3. ETHYL VINYL ACETATES (EVAs).
Closed-cell co-polymer (ethylene and
Closed-cell, chemically cross-linked vinyl acetate) structures that are
structures that are lightweight, lightweight, flexible, and shock
strong, durable, and excellent shock absorbent. They tend to compress
and moisture absorbers. Some are over time. They are softer and more
subject to compression with resilient than PE foams.
continued wear. • EVAs are available in a variety of
• PE foams are available in varying durometers and thicknesses;
sheet sizes, densities, • EVAs are known by such trade
thicknesses, and colors; names as Evazote®, Microcel
• PE foams are known by such Puff®, and ThermoSKY®;
trade names as Plastazote®, • Commonly used in the O&P field
Pe-Lite®, and Aliplast®; for insoles, top and bottom
• Commonly used in the O&P field covers, wedges, cushioning
for total-contact orthoses. material, and shell material for
accommodative and functional
orthoses.
Synthetic Materials:
Foams and Gels, continued
Below is an overview of foam materials/products commonly used in the O&P field, along with some of their key attributes and uses.
Note: many products share the same or similar characteristics and compete under different trade names.
Additional materials / products continue on the following slide.

1. ThermoSKY®: EVA Foam. 4. Poron® and Poron® Medical Polyurethane Foam,

Shock absorbing, lightweight, heat formed, various durometers. Uses: Base,
middle layer, or top cover; prosthetic liners, orthotic postings, heel lifts, and
shoe elevations.
2. Evazote®: EVA Foam.
Various durometers, comfortable, resilient. Uses: Depending on durometer
chosen, orthotic top cover and base for diabetic and arthritic patients,
molded insoles, distal pads, shells, shoe elevations.
3. Microcel Puff®: EVA Foam.
Shock absorbing; heat moldable; various durometers, colors, and thicknesses;
tends to bottom out when put under pressure- or sore-producing areas. Uses:
Top and bottom layers in foot orthoses, body jacket linings, lifts, postings,
prosthetic liners, and cones.
Medical Grade.
Breathable, odorless, washable, shock absorbing, very durable, lightweight, flexible, not
heat moldable, grindable. Similar to PPT.
Uses: Custom orthoses, prefabricated orthoses, prosthetic padding, cushioning,
metatarsal and heel pads. Commonly used as the middle layer of foot orthoses.
5. P-CellTM: EVA Foam.
Grindable, soft, heat-moldable, variety of thicknesses, shock absorbing, durable.
Resistance to “pack-out.” Comparable to Plastazote.
Uses: Cushioning, coverings, insoles.
6. PPT®, Polyurethane Foam, Medical Grade.
Shock absorbing, resilient, lightweight, does not compress. Similar to Poron. Uses: Soft
tissue supplement for cushioning, shock absorption,
and friction reduction. Also used as self-adhesive components for
heel wedges, heel lifts, metatarsal pads and bars, and longitudinal
arch pads.
Synthetic Materials:
Foams and Gels, continued
Below is a continuation of an overview of foam materials/products commonly used in the O&P field, along with some of their key attributes and uses.
Note: Many products share the same or similar characteristics and compete under different trade names.

7. Nickelplast-S: EVA and Polyethylene Foam. 10. Neoprene: Closed-Cell Rubber Foam.
Tough, tear resistant, variety of durometers, resists bottoming out, shock A synthetic polymer resembling rubber. Medium softness, variety of thicknesses, great
absorbing, resilient and rubbery quality. Uses: Cushioning, postings, sock liner, compression resistance. Uses: Top cover, inlay for soft foot orthoses, full-length
PTB liners. orthotic devices used in athletic and casual shoes with removable insoles.

8. Pe-Lite®: Expanded Polyethylene Foam. 11. Plastazote® Polyethylene Foam.

Lightweight, heat moldable, various densities and durometers, conformable,
Lightweight, moisture proof, shock absorbing, variety of thicknesses,
grindable. Poor shock absorber. Contours easily to the foot. Will compress or “bottom
densities, and durometers. Similar to Plastazote. Uses: Cushioning, commonly
out.” Uses: Top covers in orthoses and AFO interfaces, base layers in foot orthoses and
used for sockets, pads, AFOs, prosthetic liners.
light postings. Also used as liners for prostheses and orthoses.

9. Aliplast®: Polyethylene Foam. 12. Spenco® Closed-Cell Neoprene Foam.

Soft, smooth in appearance, variety of densities/durometers. Comparable to
Plastazote but the rigid density of the Aliplast XPE is heavier than the rigid
durometer of Plastazote. Uses: Direct-molded orthotic fabrication, cushioning,
liner material.
Contains nitrogen gas bubbles. Durable, flexible, compatible with moisture exposure.
Has a nylon top cover. Uses: Orthotic arch supports, top cover for plastic orthoses,
insoles.
 Synthetic Materials:
Foams and Gels, continued
The key information needed to select foam materials includes the durometer, sheet size, composition, molding temperature, grindability,
colors, and uses. Below is an example of how this information is typically presented in an O&P materials catalog.

Durometer: 35 Shore A.
Sheet Size: 37 inches by 30 inches.
Composition: Ethyl Vinyl Acetate (EVA).
Molding Temperature: 225 degrees to 275 degrees Fahrenheit, 2 to 3 minutes.
Grindable: Yes.
Available Colors: Blue, Pink, White, Black, Forest Green, Green, Purple, Yellow, Aqua, Blue/Black/Aqua, Yellow/Red/Blue/Green, Green/Purple/White,
Pink/Purple/White, Black Ice, Storm.
Case Quantities: 1/16 inch thickness: 48 sheets; 1/8 inch thickness: 24 sheets; 3/16 inch thickness: 16 sheets … and so on to … 1 inch thickness: 3 sheets.
Uses: Top and bottom layers in orthotics; lifts, postings, and prosthetic liners.
 Synthetic Materials: Review
You have two options for self-assessment:
Visit Quizlet to test your knowledge of synthetic materials or take the multiple-choice quiz that follows.

Quizlet: Click on the following link: LINK to QUIZLET: SYNTHETIC MATERIALS O&P. Once on the site, click on “Test Your
Knowledge: Synthetic Materials O&P.” You will see a list of words/terms and their associated meanings. Give the list a
quick review. Choose any or all of the “Study” tools and “Play” tools listed at the top of the page. Test your
knowledge in multiple ways, including flashcards, formal tests, spelling, and timed games. Note: With the test option,
you can re-format in multiple ways and take as many times as you like. When finished, return to this presentation for
more materials information.
Quiz: Use the following quiz to test and apply your knowledge. Read the question and possible answers provided.
Then, proceed to the next slide for the correct answer. This self-assessments consists of 10 questions.
Review Question 1
As it relates to orthotic and prosthetic materials, fiberglass is best described as:
A. Heavy, durable, and flexible; easy to saturate with resin; an economical and common
composite.
B. Very stiff and able to hold its shape under stress. Strong under tension and compression.
C. Resistant to chemicals; difficult to saturate with resin. Very poor in maintaining structure or
form under load.
Answer Question 1
As it relates to orthotic and prosthetic materials, fiberglass is best described as:

The answer is “A”: Heavy, durable, and flexible; easy to saturate with resin; an economical and
common composite.
Review Question 2
In the thermoplastic process:
A. Carbon fiber bonds with a resin system.
B. No chemical bonding takes place; plastic materials can be remolded and reshaped.
C. Chemical bonding takes place; plastic materials cannot be remolded or reshaped.
Answer Question 2
In the thermoplastic process:

The answer is “B”: No chemical bonding takes place; plastic materials can be remolded and
reshaped.
Review Question 3
“Pre-preg” or “pre-preg carbon” refers to:
A. Closed-cell, chemically cross-linked structures.
B. Composite fabrics that have been pre-impregnated by the manufacturer with thermosetting
curable resin.
C. Closed-cell, co-polymer structures.
D. Materials (polymers) that soften when heated and harden when cooled.
Answer Question 3
“Pre-preg” or “pre-preg carbon” refers to:

The answer is “B”: Composite fabrics that have been pre-impregnated by the manufacturer with
thermosetting curable resin.
Review Question 4
Polypropylene is:
A. A high-strength fiber reinforcement.
B. A type of elastomer or resin.
C. One of the most rigid thermoplastics.
D. Is the result of carbon fiber bonding with a resin system.
Answer Question 4
Polypropylene is:

The answer is “C”: One of the most rigid thermoplastics.

Review Question 5
Polyethylene foams are:
A. Dense, open-cell, thermosetting structures that do not conform to the shape of the foot; they
experience little to no compression over time. Trade names include Poron® and PPT®.
B. Closed-cell co-polymer (ethylene and vinyl acetate) structures that are lightweight, flexible,
and shock absorbent; they tend to compress over time. Trade names include Microcel Puff® and
ThermoSKY®.
C. Closed-cell, chemically cross-linked structures that are lightweight, strong, durable, and
excellent shock and moisture absorbers; some are subject to compression with continued wear.
Trade names include Plastazote®, Pe-Lite®, and Aliplast®.
Answer Question 5
Polyethylene foams are:

The answer is “C”: Closed-cell, chemically cross-linked structures that are lightweight, strong,
durable, and excellent shock and moisture absorbers; some are subject to compression with
continued wear. Trade names include Plastazote®, Pe-Lite®, and Aliplast®.
Review Question 6
As it relates to orthotic and prosthetic materials, silicone is classified as:
A. Fluids, elastomers, or resins.
B. Open- or closed-cell.
C. Unidirectional or bidirectional.
Answer Question 6
As it relates to orthotic and prosthetic materials, silicone is classified as:

The answer is “A”: Fluids, elastomers, or resins.

Review Question 7
Carbon fiber reinforced plastic/polymer (CFRP):
A. Is one of the most rigid thermoplastics.
B. Is typically categorized according to density—low, medium, high, and ultra high.
C. Occurs when carbon fiber bonds with a resin system—usually epoxy or acrylic.
Answer Question 7
Carbon fiber reinforced plastic/polymer (CFRP):

The answer is “C”: Occurs when carbon fiber bonds with a resin system—usually epoxy or
acrylic.
Review Question 8
As it relates to orthotic and prosthetic materials, foam is classified as:
A. Unidirectional or bidirectional.
B. Open- or closed-cell.
C. A fluid, elastomer, or resin.
Answer Question 8
As it relates to orthotic and prosthetic materials, foam is classified as:

The answer is “B”: Open- or closed-cell.

Review Question 9
Kevlar is:
A. One of the most rigid thermoplastics.
B. Typically the lightest and most expensive composite; excellent resistance to fracture under
impact.
C. Typically categorized according to density—low, medium, high, and ultra high.
Answer Question 9
Kevlar is:

The answer is “B”: Typically the lightest and most expensive composite; excellent resistance to
fracture under impact.
Review Question 10
Glass and carbon are:
A. Classified as either open- or closed-cell.
B. Types of high-strength fiber reinforcements used in prosthetics.
C. Typically categorized according to density—low, medium, high, and ultra high.
Answer Question 10
Glass and carbon are:

The answer is “B”: Types of high-strength fiber reinforcements used in prosthetics.

Section 4: Textiles
Textiles: Overview
To watch a video on how a prosthesis is made, click on the following link: Video: How Is Your Prosthesis Made?
Note: This video is image-based only. No instructional narrative is provided; therefore, no transcript is available.

Textiles have numerous uses within the O&P field. The lamination process for orthoses and
prostheses, for example, involves the saturation of reinforcement textiles with a resin.

A reinforcement textile is a fabric/fiber, such as fiberglass, nylon, cotton, Dacron, carbon, and Kevlar,
used to provide strength. The strength of the laminate is determined by the material properties of
the fiber and the resin. Important properties to consider include stress, strain, stiffness (Young’s
modulus), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength, brittleness, and ductility.

The “lay-up” process includes:

1. Sealing the model (PVA bag, cellulose acetate);
2. Layering the textiles;
3. Applying the outer PVA bag;
4. Saturating the textiles with resin and hardener under vacuum; and
5. Curing.
Textiles: Terms
“WHAT IS …”

LAY-UP: Materials AND a Process. The combination of all textiles placed in position over the model. The
process of placing successive layers of reinforcing materials in position in the model.

ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH (UTS): The maximum force applied before a fiber breaks.

YOUNG’S MODULUS: The measure of the stiffness of a solid material.

 Textiles: Nylon, Fibers, Braids, Felt,
Velcro
Below are examples of textiles/products commonly used in the O&P field, along with some of their key attributes and uses.
1. Perlon® Stockinette: Used for socket laminations, AFOs, KAFOs, KOs; 6. Fiberglass Tapes and Sleeves: Used for reinforcement and
compatible with all types of resins; superior elasticity; smooth appearance. wrapping applications to cover small areas or unique shapes;
compatible with polyester, vinyl ester, and epoxy resins.
2. Basalt Braid: Used for composite sockets and AFOs, plastics reinforcement;
tough, durable, strong, lightweight, superior resin saturation. 7. Nylon Stockinette: Used for socket laminations—TF and TT; nylon
fibers add durability to artificial limbs and other orthotic devices.
3. Carbon Fiber Braid: Used for strong, lightweight layups, reinforcement for
laminated devices, prosthetic sockets; lightweight, strong, conforms to 8. Dacron Felt: Used in laminations as “base” layer/inner surface of a
irregular shapes. lamination, on the outside of the sockets for lining and padding,
around trim lines; provides extra material inside of socket for grinding
4. Nyglass Stockinette: Used for sockets that need to be lightweight and thin,
out reliefs without sacrificing integrity of the reinforcement material;
socket laminations, AFOs, KAFOs, KOs; combines the lightweight strength of
provides little strength.
fiberglass with the elasticity of nylon.

5. Dacron Straps: Used for arm harnesses and as reinforced strapping. Strong, 9. Velcro®: As a hook and loop fastener, used for attaching straps or
durable. Resists elongation under tension. padding to hard-surface materials, such as splints and braces.
Textiles: Review
You have two options for self-assessment:
Visit Quizlet to test your knowledge of textiles or take the multiple-choice quiz that follows.
Quizlet: Click on the following link below: LINK to QUIZLET: TEXTILES O&P. Once on the site, click on “Test
Your Knowledge: Textiles O&P.” You will see a list of words/terms and their associated meanings. Give the
list a quick review. Choose any or all of the “Study” tools and “Play” tools listed at the top of the page. Test
your knowledge in multiple ways, including flashcards, formal tests, spelling, and timed games. Note: With
the test option, you can re-format in multiple ways and take as many times as you like. When finished,
return to this presentation for more materials information.
Quiz: Use the following quiz to test and apply your knowledge. Read the question and possible answers
provided. Then, proceed to the next slide for the correct answer. This self-assessment consists of 5
questions.
Review Question 1
Young’s modulus is:
A. The measure of the stiffness of a solid material.
B. The maximum force applied before a fiber breaks.
C. Determined by the material properties of the fiber and the resin.
Answer Question 1
Young’s modulus is:

The answer is “A”: The measure of the stiffness of a solid material.

Review Question 2
Laminate strength is:
A. Determined by the maximum force applied before a fiber breaks.
B. Determined by the material properties of the fiber and the resin.
C. Determined by gauging the material’s resistance to permanent indentation.
Answer Question 2
Laminate strength is:

The answer is “B”: Determined by the material properties of the fiber and the resin.
Review Question 3
Ultimate tensile strength is:
A. The measure of the stiffness of a solid material.
B. Determined by the material properties of the fiber and the resin.
C. The maximum force applied before a fiber breaks.
D. Determined by gauging the material’s resistance to permanent indentation.
Answer Question 3
Ultimate tensile strength is:

The answer is “C”: The maximum force applied before a fiber breaks.
Review Question 4
A reinforcement textile is:
A. Fabric or fiber used to provide strength in the lamination process.
B. Used when determining a material’s resistance to permanent indentation.
C. A closed-cell, chemically cross-linked structure.
Answer Question 4
A reinforcement textile is:

The answer is “A”: Fabric or fiber used to provide strength in the lamination process.
Review Question 5
Lay-up is:
A. The term used to describe the maximum force applied before a fiber breaks.
B. Considered to be both materials as well as a process.
C. The term used to measure the stiffness of a solid material.
Answer Question 5
Lay-up is:

The answer is “B”: Considered to be both materials as well as a process.

Section 5: Metals
Metals: Overview
To watch a video on the physical properties of metals, click on the following link:
Video: Physical Properties of Metals: Tensile Strength, Impact Strength, Malleability, Ductility, Melting Point.
For a transcript only, click on the following link: Video Transcript—Physical Properties of Metals.

Metals are used in the O&P field in many ways:
• For prosthetic devices, which replace parts of the body; and
• For orthotic devices, which augment and/or support parts of
the body.
Key attributes to consider when selecting or comparing metals for O&P
devices include strength—compressive, tensile, and yield; stiffness;
hardness—can be determined in relative terms through use of the Mohs
scale; resistance to fatigue; density; bio-compatibility; resistance to
corrosion; ease of fabrication; and cost.

With the exception of mercury, a liquid element, metals are
solids at room temperature and typically have high melting
points and high density. They have good electrical and thermal
conductivity. One key characteristic of metals is their ability to
be deformed without immediately breaking. Alternatives to
metals include composite materials because they are strong,
lightweight, and often less expensive than some metals.
Examples of specific considerations include:
• The amount of weight the device has to support—For lower-body
prostheses and orthoses, the metals need to have a good resistance to
fatigue.
• The control needed—For devices that need more control, lower density
is important.
• Fatigue—Devices for the lower extremity must be resistant to repetitive
loading.
Metals: Malleability versus Ductility
Metals are often evaluated based on their malleability and ductility.
Malleability: The property of a metal that
enables it to be hammered, bent, pressed, or
rolled into sheets without breaking; Can be
beaten into sheets.
It provides information about a metal’s
compressive strength.
It measures how much pressure the metal can
withstand without breaking.
Malleable metals include but are not limited
to gold, silver, aluminum, and copper.
Ductility: The property of a metal that enables
it to stretch without damage; Can be stretched
into wires.
It provides information about a metal’s tension
strength.
It measures how much strain a metal can
withstand before failing.
Ductile metals include but are not limited to
gold, silver, platinum, copper, and iron.
Metals: Steel, Aluminum, Titanium,
Copper
Below is an overview of four metals commonly used in the O&P field.
1. Stainless Steel: A steel alloy that contains 12% or more of
chromium. Martensitic stainless steel is used in the O&P
field because it can be hardened by a heat treatment.
Stainless steel has a high degree of stiffness and a high
resistance to corrosion. Typical applications: Joints, support
uprights, washers, fasteners, rivets, screws.
2. Aluminum: The most abundant element in the earth’s
crust. It is lightweight, highly conductive, non-toxic, and can
be easily machined. It has a higher strength-to-weight ratio
than steel, has a low resistance to fatigue, and is susceptible
to corrosion from body fluids. Typical applications:
Strengthening supports and other structures, rivets, screws.
3. Titanium: Ti-6AI-4v is the most common alloy used. It is
stronger than aluminum and is comparable in strength of
stainless steel but 60% lighter. It has a very high resistance to
corrosion, is difficult to fabricate, and is more expensive than
aluminum and stainless steel. Typical applications:
Replacement joints, artificial limbs, implants, adapters,
connectors, rotating bases.
4. Copper: Pure copper is soft; two alloys are bronze and brass.
Copper alloys become stronger and more ductile as
temperature goes down. It is both malleable and ductile. It has
a good resistance to atmospheric corrosion, is more dense
than aluminum, and is one of the best electrical conductors of
all metals. Typical applications: Rivets, screws, burrs.
 Metals: Review
You have two options for self-assessment: Visit Quizlet to test your knowledge of metals or take the multiple-
choice quiz that follows.
Quizlet: Click on the following link: LINK to QUIZLET: METALS O&P. Once on the site, click on “Test Your
Knowledge: Metals O&P.” You will see a list of words/terms and their associated meanings. Give the list a quick
review. Choose any or all of the “Study” tools and “Play” tools listed at the top of the page. Test your
knowledge in multiple ways, including flashcards, formal tests, spelling, and timed games. Note: With the test
option, you can re-format in multiple ways and take as many times as you like. When finished, return to this
presentation for more Materials information.
Quiz: Use the following quiz to test and apply your knowledge. Read the question and possible answers
provided. Then, proceed to the next slide for the correct answer. This self-assessment consists of 10 questions.
Review Question 1
In the O&P field, metals:
A. Are stronger than aluminum, and more expensive than aluminum and stainless steel.
B. Can be used to make devices that replace or support parts of the body.
C. Are the most abundant element in the earth’s crust and have a higher strength-to-weight
ratio than steel.
Answer Question 1
In the O&P field, metals:

The answer is “B”: Can be used to make devices that replace or support parts of the body.
Review Question 2
(Blank) is both malleable and ductile, is more dense than aluminum, and is one of the best
electrical conductors of all metals.
A. Copper.
B. Aluminum.
C. Titanium.
D. Stainless steel.
Answer Question 2
(Blank) is both malleable and ductile, is more dense than aluminum, and is one of the best
electrical conductors of all metals.

The answer is “A”: Copper.

Review Question 3
(Blank) have a high melting point, high density, good conductivity, and can be deformed without
immediately breaking.
A. Composite materials.
B. Thermoplastics.
C. Metals.
D. Closed-cell foams.
Answer Question 3
(Blank) have a high melting point, high density, good conductivity, and can be deformed without
immediately breaking.

The answer is “C”: Metals.

Review Question 4
(Blank) is a steel alloy that contains 12% or more of chromium, a high degree of stiffness, and a
high resistance to corrosion.
A. Stainless steel.
B. Aluminum.
C. Copper.
D. Titanium.
Answer Question 4
(Blank) is a steel alloy that contains 12% or more of chromium, a high degree of stiffness, and a
high resistance to corrosion.

The answer is “A”: Stainless steel.

Review Question 5
(Blank) measures how much pressure the metal can withstand without breaking; can be beaten
into sheets.
A. Durometer.
B. Ductility.
C. Mohs scale.
D. Malleability.
Answer Question 5
(Blank) measures how much pressure the metal can withstand without breaking; can be beaten
into sheets.

The answer is “D”: Malleability.

Review Question 6
(Blank) measures how much strain the metal can withstand without failing; can be stretched
into wires:
A. Durometer.
B. Ductility.
C. Mohs scale.
D. Malleability.
Answer Question 6
(Blank) measures how much strain the metal can withstand without failing; can be stretched
into wires:

The answer is “B”: Ductility.

Review Question 7
(Blank) is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust and has a higher strength-to-weight
ratio than steel.
A. Copper.
B. Titanium.
C. Aluminum.
D. Gold.
Answer Question 7
(Blank) is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust and has a higher strength-to-weight
ratio than steel.

The answer is “C”: Aluminum.

Review Question 8
(Blank) ranks materials—minerals, gemstones, and metals—on their relative hardness.
A. The durometer.
B. The Mohs scale.
C. The tensile meter.
Answer Question 8
(Blank) ranks materials—minerals, gemstones, and metals—on their relative hardness.

The answer is “B”: The Mohs scale.

Review Question 9
(Blank) are alternatives to metals because they are strong, lightweight, and often less expensive.
A. Foams and gels.
B. Co-polymers.
C. Composite materials.
D. Copper and steel.
Answer Question 9
(Blank) are alternatives to metals because they are strong, lightweight, and often less expensive.

The answer is “C”: Composite materials.

Review Question 10
(Blank) is a metal that is stronger than aluminum, and is more expensive than aluminum and
stainless steel.
A. Copper.
B. Cadmium.
C. Titanium.
D. Stainless steel.
Answer Question 10
(Blank) is stronger than aluminum, and is more expensive than aluminum and stainless steel.

The answer is “C”: Titanium.

Section 6: Chemicals
 Chemicals: Styrene, Acetone, Toluene,
MEK
When choosing chemicals, weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each, and try to use the least hazardous whenever possible.
Below is an overview of commonly used chemicals in the O&P field.

1. STYRENE.
A colorless liquid consisting of carbon and hydrogen; can have an odor.
Primarily a synthetic chemical. Used to make plastics, rubbers, and resins.
Also used as a filler or thinner and reactive cross-linker to polyester resins.
Regarded as a hazardous material and possibly a carcinogen. Possible
irritation to the eyes, nose, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver,
reproductive system.
2. ACETONE.
A colorless, volatile liquid with a mint-like odor. Moderately aggressive. Used
as a solvent for plastics and synthetic fibers, a thinner to polyester and epoxy
resins, and to synthesize Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical found in hard plastics
and epoxy resins. Slight toxicity in normal use. Highly flammable. Not
regarded as a carcinogen. Possible irritation to the eyes, nose, throat,
respiratory system, central nervous system. Considered safer and less toxic
than toluene solvents.
3. TOLUENE.
A colorless liquid with an aromatic Benzene-like odor. Used as a solvent.
Resembles Benzene, a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet
smell. Harmful vapor/fumes. Flammable. Possible irritation to the eyes,
nose, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, kidneys.
4. METHYL ETHYL KETONE (MEK).
A colorless liquid with a sharp, sweet alcohol-like odor. Also known as
Butanone. Used as a thinner for polyester and epoxy resins. Used when an
evaporation slower than acetone is desired. Water soluble. Harmful
vapors/fumes. Flammable. Possible irritation to the eyes, nose, respiratory
system, skin, central nervous system, mucous membranes.
 Chemicals: Resins
Below is an overview of three types of thermosetting resins commonly used in the O&P field.
Attributes to consider when comparing and selecting resins to use in any given situation include ease of use, cost, degree of possible toxicity, strength and flexibility, degree
of adhesion, shrinkage, cure time, and shelf life.

POLYESTER RESINS.
Thermosetting unsaturated synthetic resins combined with hardeners. Contains approximately 60% polyester and 40% styrene. Fractures easily; lacks
durability: best suited for lighter-weight objects. Compatible only with fiberglass materials—limited use for lamination, seaming, and repairing. Not
water resistant. Poor adhesion. High shrinkage. Shorter cure time than epoxy resins. Less expensive than epoxy resins.

ACRYLIC RESINS.
Produced from methyl methacrylate (MMA) and dissolved polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Hardness can be adjusted for various applications. More
water resistant than polyester resins. Bonds to core materials better than polyester resins. Shrinks less than polyester resins on curing. More expensive
than polyester resins; less expensive than epoxy resins.

EPOXY RESINS.
Thermosetting polymer combined with hardeners. Also known as a polyepoxide. High tension strength. Greater flexibility than polyester resins. Better
than polyester resins for high-strength bonding. Does not contain styrene. Reinforces glass and carbon materials. Very little shrinkage. Able to bond
dissimilar and already cured material. Longer cure time than polyester resins. More expensive than acrylic resins and polyester resins.
Chemicals: Dust Particles
Dust Particles in the Workplace

Working with carbon fiber and metals adds dust particles and other abrasive elements into the air. They are by-products of the
manufacturing process. Sanding and grinding create more fine dust than cutting. Depending on the material, particle size and
concentration, and exposure time, dust can cause a variety of health problems.

GOALS: Reduce dust infiltration for health reasons and to minimize/eliminate the possibility of combustion.
A cloud of dust can cause an explosion. Even materials that do not burn in larger pieces (such as aluminum or iron) can explode in dust
form, given the proper conditions.

The risks associated with working around dust particles can be managed/minimized.

SOLUTIONS: Proper ventilation and air-purifying systems, proper and frequent training for best practices, proper collection systems, and
use of masks and respirators, especially when cutting, grinding, and sanding materials.
Chemicals: Protection
GOOD ADVICE! TYPES OF PROTECTION FROM CHEMICALS AND DUST:

Wash hands thoroughly at the end of each activity and prior to eating Rubber or plastic gloves and sleeves protect against heat and
and drinking.
abrasion. Consider a heat insulating terrycloth or leather glove.

Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing to

protect hands, eyes, and the face.
Remove/replace any work clothing that becomes contaminated or wet
from flammable liquids.
Work in a properly ventilated environment.
Simple protective glasses can protect against flying dust and
small particles. A face shield provides additional coverage and
may be necessary when dealing with caustic fluids.
Proper ventilation can dramatically control the amount of dust
and other particles in and around a work area.

Keep Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) available in case of A filtration mask/device may be necessary when working close
emergencies. They provide a wide range of information, including first
to the source of dust or chemical.
aid treatment, reactive elements, and fire-fighting measures.
Chemicals: Review
You have two options for self-assessment:
Visit Quizlet to test your knowledge of chemicals or take the multiple-choice quiz that follows.
Quizlet: Click on the following link: LINK to QUIZLET: CHEMICALS O&P. Once on the site, click on “Test Your
Knowledge: Chemicals O&P.” You will see a list of words/terms and their associated meanings. Give the list
a quick review. Choose any or all of the “Study” tools and “Play” tools listed at the top of the page. Test
your knowledge in multiple ways, including flashcards, formal tests, spelling, and timed games. Note: With
the test option, you can re-format in multiple ways and take as many times as you like. When finished,
return to this presentation for more materials information.
Quiz: Use the following quiz to test and apply your knowledge. Read the question and possible answers
provided. Then, proceed to the next slide for the correct answer. This self-assessment consists of 10
questions.
Review Question 1
(Blank) is a colorless liquid consisting of carbon and hydrogen, is used to make plastics, rubbers,
resins, and is considered hazardous.
A. Epoxy resin.
B. Toluene.
C. Acetone.
D. Styrene.
Answer Question 1
(Blank) is a colorless liquid consisting of carbon and hydrogen, is used to make plastics, rubbers,
resins, and is considered hazardous.

The answer is “D”: Styrene.

Review Question 2
By-products of the manufacturing process include:
A. Acetone and toluene.
B. Acrylic and epoxy resins.
C. Carbon fiber and metal dust.
Answer Question 2
By-products of the manufacturing process include:

The answer is “C”: Carbon fiber and metal dust.

Review Question 3
(Blank) is a thermosetting unsaturated synthetic resin and contains styrene.
A. Epoxy resin.
B. Acrylic resin.
C. Polyester resin.
Answer Question 3
(Blank) is a thermosetting unsaturated synthetic resin and contains styrene.

The answer is “C”: Polyester resin.

Review Question 4
(Blank) provide helpful information about materials in case of emergencies.
A. Durometers.
B. Material Safety Data Sheets.
C. Product catalogs.
D. Mohs scales.
Answer Question 4
(Blank) provide helpful information about materials in case of emergencies.

The answer is “B”: Material Safety Data Sheets.

Review Question 5
(Blank) is a thermosetting polymer, is also known as polyepoxide, and does not contain styrene.
A. Acrylic resin.
B. Polyester resin.
C. Epoxy resin.
D. Methyl Ethyl Ketone.
.
Answer Question 5
(Blank) is a thermosetting polymer, is also known as polyepoxide, and does not contain styrene.

The answer is “C”: Epoxy resin.

Review Question 6
(Blank) is a highly flammable, colorless, volatile liquid, and can be used as a solvent and thinner.
A. Epoxy resin.
B. Acrylic resin.
C. Acetone.
D. Butanone.
Answer Question 6
(Blank) is a highly flammable, colorless, volatile liquid, and can be used as a solvent and thinner.

The answer is “C”: Acetone.

Review Question 7
(Blank) is a colorless liquid and is also known as Butanone.
A. Methyl ethyl ketone.
B. Toluene.
C. Styrene.
D. Acetone.
Answer Question 7
(Blank) is a colorless liquid and is also known as Butanone.

The answer is “A”: Methyl ethyl ketone.

Review Question 8
(Blank) is a colorless, flammable liquid and resembles Benzene.
A. Styrene.
B. Toluene.
C. Acetone.
D. Methyl ethyl ketone.
Answer Question 8
(Blank) is a colorless, flammable liquid and resembles Benzene.

The answer is “B”: Toluene.

Review Question 9
(Blank) is/are more water resistant than polyester resins and bonds to core materials better than
polyester resins; is less expensive than epoxy resins.
A. Styrene.
B. Acrylic resins.
C. Acetone.
D. Thermoplastics.
Answer Question 9
(Blank) is/are more water resistant than polyester resins and bonds to core materials better than
polyester resins; is less expensive than epoxy resins.

The answer is “B”: Acrylic resins.

Review Question 10
Using these will help minimize / manage the risk of dust particles in the workplace.
A. Durometers.
B. Acetone and styrene.
C. Material Safety Data Sheets.
D. Masks, respirators, ventilation, and collection systems.
Answer Question 10
Using these will help minimize / manage the risk of dust particles in the workplace.

The answer is “D”: Masks, respirators, ventilation, and collection systems.

 Full Review
Use the following Full Review Section to test and apply your knowledge.
The self-assessment included in this section features multiple-choice questions that cover
subject matter from the entire presentation.

Read the question and determine the answer that most accurately reflects the correct
response. Proceed to the next slide for the correct answer. The self-assessment consists
of 10 questions.
Review Question 1
Which one of the following represents an example of a
soft material that might be used in the fabrication of a
foot orthosis?
A. Carbon fiber.
B. Polypropylene.
C. Open-cell polyurethane foam.
D. Polyester resins.
Answer Question 1
Which one of the following represents an example of a
soft material that might be used in the fabrication of a
foot orthosis?
The answer is “C”: Open-cell polyurethane foam.
Review Question 2
The process wherein polymers form an irreversible
chemical bond when heated and the material cannot
be remolded or reshaped is called:
A. Thermoplastic.
B. Thermoset.
C. Young’s modulus.
D. Pre-preg.
Answer Question 2
The process wherein polymers form an irreversible
chemical bond when heated and the material cannot
be remolded or reshaped is called:
The answer is “B”: Thermoset.
Review Question 3
The property of a metal that enables it to be
hammered, bent, pressed, or rolled into sheets
without breaking is:
A. Ductility.
B. Grindability.
C. Malleability.
D. Durability.
Answer Question 3
The property of a metal that enables it to be
hammered, bent, pressed, or rolled into sheets
without breaking is:
The answer is “C”: Malleability.
Review Question 4
Plastazote, Pe-Lite, and Aliplast are examples of:

A. Polyester resins.
B. Carbon fiber reinforced plastics.
C. Open-cell thermosetting foams.
D. Polyethylene foams.
Answer Question 4
Plastazote, Pe-Lite, and Aliplast are examples of:

The answer is “D”: Polyethylene foams.

Review Question 5
Acetone and toluene are both:

A. Chemical solvents.
B. Steel alloys.
C. Polyester resins.
D. Lamination materials.
Answer Question 5
Acetone and toluene are both:

The answer is “A”: Chemical solvents.

Review Question 6
Foamed thermoplastics are formed by forcing
nitrogen or some other gas into the plastic during
heating. They can be:

A. Malleable or ductile.
B. Open-cell or closed-cell.
C. Natural or synthetic.
D. Dense or durable.
Answer Question 6
Foamed thermoplastics are formed by forcing nitrogen
or some other gas into the plastic during heating. They
can be:

The answer is “B”: Open-cell or closed-cell.

Review Question 7
Density can be calculated:

A. As the load divided by deformation.

B. Using the Mohs scale.
C. Using a durometer.
D. As the material’s weight per unit of volume.
Answer Question 7
Density can be calculated:

The answer is “D”: As the material’s weight

per unit of volume.
Review Question 8
The tool that helps determine a material’s resistance to
permanent indentation is the:

A. Mohs scale.
B. Iron.
C. Durometer.
D. Laminator.
Answer Question 8
The tool that helps determine a material’s resistance
to permanent indentation is the:

The answer is “C”: Durometer.

Review Question 9
The process of placing successive layers of reinforcing
materials in position in the model is called:

A. Young’s modulus.
B. Lay-up.
C. Pre-preg.
D. Thermosetting.
Answer Question 9
The process of placing successive layers of reinforcing
materials in position in the model is called:

The answer is “B”: Lay-up.

Review Question 10
In the lamination process, reinforcement textiles are fabric
/ fibers used to provide:

A. Strength.
B. Comfort.
C. Weight.
D. Tension.
Answer Question 10
In the lamination process, reinforcement textiles are
fabric / fibers used to provide:

The answer is “A”: Strength.

Attributions
Aliplast is a registered trademark of Alimed.
Carboplast is a registered trademark of Aetrex Worldwide, Inc.
Dacron is a registered trademark of DuPont.
ElastiCork is a registered trademark of Acor Orthopaedic, Inc.
Evazote is a registered trademark of Zotefoams, Inc.
Kevlar is a registered trademark of DuPont.
Kydex is a registered trademark of Kydex LLC.
Microcel Puff is a registered trademark of Acor Orthopaedic, Inc.
Multicork is a registered trademark of Acor Orthopaedic, Inc.
Ortholen is a registered trademark of Teufel Orthopedic /
Wilhelm Julius Teufel.
Perlon is a registered trademark of Perlon-Monofil GMBH.
PPT is a registered trademark of Langer Biomechanics Group, Inc.
P-Cell is a registered trademark of Acor Orthopaedic, Inc.
Pe-Lite is a registered trademark of Fillauer, LLC.
Plastazote is a registered trademark of Zotefoams, Inc.
Poron is a registered trademark of Rogers Corporation.
Spenco is a registered trademark of Spenco Medical Corporation.
SubOrtholen is a registered trademark of Teufel Orthopedic.
Surlyn is a registered trademark of DuPont.
Thermo Cork is a registered trademark of Aetrex Worldwide, Inc.
ThermoSKY is a registered trademark Aetrex Worldwide, Inc.
Velcro is a registered trademark of Velcro Industries B.V.
VIVAK is a registered trademark of Sheffield Plastics Inc.

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