Pneumonia

• Rakhi Kumari
SCAS Student
Biology
 CONTENT
• DEFINITION
• SYMPTOMS
• CAUSES
• RISK FACTORS
• DIAGNOSIS EVALUATION
• TREATMENT
• RISKS AND BENEFITS OF TREATMENT
• PREVENTION
1.DEFINITION
• Infection in one or both lungs (Mayo Clinic, 2020)
• Air sacs (alveoli) become inflamed and can fill with fluid or pus
• Leads to symptoms including cough fever, chills, and difficulty
breathing (Mayo Clinic, 2020)
• Accounts for 15% of all deaths of children under 5 years old
(WHO,2019)
• Most prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. (WHO,2019)
 Some types of pneumonia

1.
 SYMPTOMS

• Cough with sputum (MedBroadCast,2021)

• Chest pain Shortness of breath
• Confusion or changes in mental awareness (in adults age 65 and
older)
• Fever, sweating and shaking chills
• Low body temperature (in adults older than age 65 and people with
weak immune systems)
• Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea
( Mayo Clinic,2020)
RISK FACTORS

Pneumonia can affect anyone. But the two age groups at highest risk are:
a. Children 2 years or younger
b. People 65 years or older
Other risk factors include:
a. Being hospitalized (Mayo Clinic,2020)
b. History of chronic disease (Mayo Clinic,2020)
c. History of smoking (E. Gregory Thompson MD,2019)
d. Weakened or suppressed immune system (E. Gregory Thompson MD,2019)
e. Excessive alcohol consumption(E. Gregory Thompson MD,2019)
CAUSES

• Bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the air we breathe. (www.cdc.gov)

• Influenza
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• pneumococcus
• Pneumonia is classified according to the types of germs that cause it and where you got the
infection.
1. Community-acquired pneumonia
2. Hospital-acquired pneumonia
3. Health care-acquired pneumonia
4. Aspiration pneumonia

( Mayo Clinic,2020)
Cuases- Contd
1. Community-acquired pneumonia
-Most common type of pneumonia
- It occurs outside of hospitals or other health care facilities. It may be
caused by
a. Bacteria
b. Bacteria-like organisms
c. Fungi
d. Viruses, including COVID-19
( Mayo Clinic,2020)
Cuases- Contd
2. Hospital-acquired pneumonia
-Some people catch pneumonia during a hospital stay for another illness
3. Health care-acquired pneumonia
-Health care-acquired pneumonia is a bacterial infection that occurs in
people who live in long-term care facilities or who receive care in
outpatient clinics
4. Aspiration pneumonia
-Aspiration pneumonia occurs when you inhale food, drink, vomit or
saliva into your lungs
( Mayo Clinic,2020)
DIAGNOSIS EVALUATION

If pneumonia is suspected, your doctor may recommend the following

tests:
1.Physical Examination (E. Gregory Thompson MD,2019)
2. Complete blood count (CBC) (E. Gregory Thompson MD,2019)
3.Chest X-ray (E. Gregory Thompson MD,2019)
4.Pulse oximetry ( Mayo Clinic,2020)
5.Sputum test (Mayo Clinic,2020)
6.CT scan (Mayo Clinic,2020)
7.Pleural fluid culture (Mayo Clinic,2020)
TREATMENT

1. Antibiotics. Most commonly amoxicillin (WHO,2019)

2. Antivirals if caused by virus(E. Gregory Thompson MD,2020)
3. Cough medicine (Mayo Clinic,2020)
4. Fever reducers/pain relievers (Mayo Clinic,2020)
RISKS AND BENEFITS OF TREATMENT

• Side effects of medication include:

• allergic reactions causing hives or swelling of the face, throat. This can lead to
difficulty breathing
(
PREVENTION
• Immunization(E. Gregory Thompson MD,2019)
• Proper nutrition
• exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life (WHO,2019)
• Practice good hygiene ( Mayo Clinic,2020)
• See your doctor about any cough that continues to get worse after 3
or 4 days (MedBroadCast,2021)
• Don't smoke ( Mayo Clinic,2020)
References
1.Mayo Clinic(2021):Patient and health care, Disease and condition-
Pneumonia.Retrived from:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-
causes/syc-20354204
2.World Health Organisation(2019):Pneumonia
Retrieved from:
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia
3. E. Gregory Thompson MD(2020):Pneumonia Retrieved From
https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=hw638
68
4. Medbroadcast (2021):Pneumonia Retrieved From
https://www.medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/pneumonia