Pneumonia

• Rakhi Kumari
• SCAS Student
• Biology
CONTENT

DEFINITION
SYMPTOMS
CAUSES
CLASSIFICATION
RISK FACTORS
DIAGNOSIS EVALUATION
TREATMENT
RISKS AND BENEFITS OF TREATMENT
PREVENTION
1.DEFINITION
Pneumonia is defined as Infection in one or both
lungs (Mayo Clinic, 2020)

Air sacs (alveoli) become inflamed and can fill

with fluid or pus making it difficult to
breathe(Mayo Clinic, 2020)

Accounts for 15% of all deaths of children under

5 years old (WHO,2019)

Most prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan

Africa continents. (WHO,2019) https://my.clevelandclinic.org/
health/diseases/4471-pneumonia
SYMPTOMS

• Cough with sputum (MedBroadCast,2021)

• Chest pain Shortness of breath
• Confusion or changes in mental awareness (in
adults age 65 and older)
• Fever, sweating and shaking chills
• Low body temperature (in adults older than age
65 and people with weak immune systems)
• Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea
 • Bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the air we breathe and cause
Pneumonia.(www.cdc.gov). Common Cause of Pneumonia are
• Influenza
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• pneumococcus

CAUSES
CAUSES-CLASSIFICATION

Pneumonia is classified according to the types of germs that cause it and

where you got the infection.
1. Community-acquired pneumonia
2. Hospital-acquired pneumonia
3. Health care-acquired pneumonia
4. Aspiration pneumonia
CLASSIFICATION- Cont.

1. Community-acquired pneumonia
-Most common type of pneumonia
- It occurs outside of hospitals or other health care facilities. It may be caused by
a. Bacteria
b. Bacteria-like organisms
c. Fungi
d. Viruses, including COVID-19
( Mayo Clinic,2020)
 2. Hospital-acquired pneumonia
-Some people catch pneumonia during a hospital stay for
CLASSIFICATI another illness
3. Health care-acquired pneumonia
ON- Cont.
-Health care-acquired pneumonia is a bacterial infection
that occurs in people who live in long-term care facilities
or who receive care in outpatient clinics
4. Aspiration pneumonia
-Aspiration pneumonia occurs when you inhale food,
drink, vomit or saliva into your lungs
( Mayo Clinic,2020)
 Pneumonia can affect anyone. But the two age groups at
highest risk are:
a. Children 2 years or younger
b. People 65 years or older
Other risk factors include:
RISK a. Being hospitalized (Mayo Clinic,2020)
FACTORS b. History of chronic disease (Mayo Clinic,2020)
c. History of smoking (E. Gregory Thompson MD,2019)
d. Weakened or suppressed immune system (E. Gregory
Thompson MD,2019)
e. Excessive alcohol consumption(E. Gregory Thompson
MD,2019)
DIAGNOSIS EVALUATION

If pneumonia is suspected, your doctor may recommend the following tests:

1.Physical Examination (E. Gregory Thompson MD,2019)
2. Complete blood count (CBC) (E. Gregory Thompson MD,2019)
3.Chest X-ray (E. Gregory Thompson MD,2019)
4.Pulse oximetry ( Mayo Clinic,2020)
5.Sputum test (Mayo Clinic,2020)
6.CT scan (Mayo Clinic,2020)
7.Pleural fluid culture (Mayo Clinic,2020)
CHEST XRAY FOR DIAGNOSIS
Chest x-ray uses a very small dose of ionizing
radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the
chest

Chest X-rays produce images of your heart, lungs,

blood vessels, airways, and the bones of your
chest and spine.

When interpreting the x-ray, the radiologist will

look for white spots in the lungs (called infiltrates)
that identify an infection.

This helps to diagnose pneumonia and

determine the extent and location of the
infection

Right middle lobe consolidation pneumonia Source:Case

courtesy of Dr Sajoscha Sorrentino, Radiopaedia.org
TREATMENT

1. Antibiotics. Most commonly amoxicillin (WHO,2019)

2. Antivirals if caused by virus(E. Gregory Thompson MD,2020)
3. Cough medicine (Mayo Clinic,2020)
4. Fever reducers/pain relievers (Mayo Clinic,2020)
RISKS AND BENEFITS OF TREATMENT

Risk of Treatment
Side effects of medication include:
-Allergic reactions causing hives or swelling of the face, throat.
- This can lead to difficulty breathing
Benefit of Treatment
- The bacterial pneumonia can be cured by Antibiotics (Mayo
Clinic,2020)
- The Viral Pneumonia can be cured by Antivirals(E. Gregory Thompson
MD,2020)
PREVENTION
• Immunization(E. Gregory Thompson MD,2019)
• Proper nutrition
• exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life (WHO,2019)
• Practice good hygiene ( Mayo Clinic,2020)
• See your doctor about any cough that continues to get worse after 3
or 4 days (MedBroadCast,2021)
• Don't smoke ( Mayo Clinic,2020)
References
1.Mayo Clinic(2021):Patient and health care, Disease and condition-
Pneumonia.Retrived from:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-
causes/syc-20354204
2.World Health Organisation(2019):Pneumonia
Retrieved from:
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia
3. E. Gregory Thompson MD(2020):Pneumonia Retrieved From
https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=hw638
68
4. Medbroadcast (2021):Pneumonia Retrieved From
https://www.medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/pneumonia