FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY
PARMAR ZENITH
F.Y.M.sc (N)
GINERA
 FUNCTIONS OF FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Formation of ova
• Reception of spermatozoa
• Provision of suitable environment for fertilization and fetal
development
• Parturition
• Lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides
complete nourishment for the baby in its early life.
•  To enable sperm to enter the body
• Protect the internal genital organs from infectious organisms.
 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• External genitalia
• Internal genitalia
• Accessory reproductive organs
 The internal genital organs form a pathway (the genital tract). This
pathway consists of the following functions:

• Vagina (part of the birth canal), where sperm are deposited and from which
a baby can emerge
• Uterus, where an embryo can develop into a fetus
• Fallopian tubes (oviducts), where a sperm can fertilize an egg
• Ovaries, which produce and release eggs
 EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS
• Mons pubis
 

• Labia majora
• Labia minora
• Clitoris
• Vestibule
• Urethral opening
• Vaginal orifice and Hymen
• Bartholin's glands
• Vestibular bulbs
 EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS

1.MONS PUBIS -A region of adipose tissue above the

vagina that is covered with hair.
2.LABIA – Rich in nerve endings and blood vessels –
Protects internal organs against pathogens –
Functions in sexual arousal
 LABIA MAJORA
• Has two folds of adipose tissue that border each side of the vagina.
• The labia majora enclose and protect the other external
reproductive organs.
• Literally translated as "large lips," the labia majora are relatively
large and fleshy,
• It contain sebaceous glands . After puberty, the labia majora are
covered with hair.
 LABIA MINORA
•  The labia minora are smaller folds (forchette) of skin that lie inside the
labia majora.
• Contains no hair follicles or sweat glands.
• The folds contain connective tissues, numerous sebaceous gland, erectile
muscle fibers and numerous vessels and nerve endings
• surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part
of the uterus to the outside of the body) and urethra (the tube that
carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body).
 CLITORIS
•  It is small cylindrical erectile body
• Measuring about 1.5 to 2cm
• Situated in the most anterior part of the vulva
• The two labia minora meet at the clitoris,
• A small, sensitive protrusion.
• The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, richly supplied with
nerves.
• The clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.
 VESTIBULE

• The vestibule is formed by the labia minora.

• It encloses
• Urethral opening,
• Vaginal orifice and hymen,
• Ducts from the greater vestibular
 URETHRAL OPENING

• Situated in midline just in front of the vaginal

orifice
• About 1-1.5 cm below the pubic arch
 HYMEN
• Lies in the posterior end of the vestibule
• It completely enclosed by a septum of mucous membrane called
hymen
• Hymen Located just inside the vaginal Opening
• No known function; not always present
• It is usually ruptured at the consummation of marriage
 BARTHOLINS GLAND
• Bartholin's glands:
• There are two Bartholin's glands
• One on each side
• Each gland has a duct which measures about 2 cm and open into vestibular
outside
• Close to the posterior end of the vestibular bulb
• During sexual excitement it secretes abundant alkaline mucus which helps in
lubrication.
 BLOOD SUPPLY

• Arteries – Branch of internal pudendal artery –

Branch of femoral artery
• Veins – Internal pudendal vein – Vesicle or vaginal
venous plexus – Long saphenous vein
 NERVE SUPPLY
Bilateral somatic nerve

Posteroinferior part -Pudendal branch from posterior cutaneous nerve

Anterosuperior part
Cutaneous branch from ilioinguinal
Genital branch from genitofemoral nerve

Between 2 groups the vulva – Pudendal nerve

 INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS
VAGINA
• Vagina = “birth canal”
• A tube like, muscular but elastic organ
• About 4 to 5 inches long in an adult woman.
• PH- 4 acidic
• It is the passageway for sperm to the egg and for menstrual bleeding
• Organ of copulation and forms the birth canal of parturition
• Posterior wall of vagina is 10 c m long
• Anterior wall is only 7.5 cm length
• The upper end of the vagina is known as the vault
• Pink in appearance
• It connects the external genital organs to the uterus. the
organ of sexual intercourse in women.
 FORNIX OF VAGINA

• Four fornix are there

• One anterior – front of cervix
• One posterior – behind
• Two lateral – either side of cervix
 BLOOD SUPPLY

• Arteries – cervicovaginal branch of uterine

artery – vaginal artery-anterior division of
internal iliac - Internal pudendal
• Veins – Internal iliac vein – Internal pudendal
vein
•  Sympathetic and parasympathetic from the pelvic plexus

•  Lower part is supplied by the pudendal nerve

 UTERUS
• Girls are born with over a million egg cells, but only about 400 are
released during a lifetime of menstrual cycles.
• No new eggs develop after birth.
 UTERUS-STRUCTURE
• The uterus is a thick-walled, muscular, pear-shaped organ
• Located in the middle of the pelvis, behind the bladder, and in
front of the rectum. The uterus is anchored in position by
several ligaments.
• The uterus consists of the fundus, the main body (corpus) and
cevix
• Normal position- Anteverted and anteflexed.
• The cervix is the lower part of the uterus, which protrudes into the
upper part of the vagina. It can be seen during a pelvic examination.
Like the vagina, the cervix is lined with a mucous membrane, but the
mucous membrane of the cervix is smooth.
• Sperm can enter and menstrual blood can exit the uterus through a
channel in the cervix (cervical canal).
• The cervical canal is usually narrow, but during labor, the
canal widens to let the baby through.
• The cervix is usually a good barrier against bacteria, except
around the time an egg is released by the ovaries
(ovulation), during the menstrual period, or during labor..
• The cervical canal is usually narrow, but during labor, the
canal widens to let the baby through.
• The cervix is usually a good barrier against bacteria, except
around the time an egg is released by the ovaries
(ovulation), during the menstrual period, or during labor..
 RELATIONS
• Anterior – the uterovesical pouch and the bladder
• Posterior – the rectouterine pouch of the douglas
• Laterally – the broad ligament, the uterine tubes
• Superior – the intestine
• Inferior – the vagina
 MEASUREMENTS AND PARTS
• Measures 8 cm long, 5 cm wide ,1.25 cm thick
• Weight 50 gms
• Parts
• The body of corpus
• The fundus
• The cornua
• The isthumus
• The cervis
• Internal and external os
• Cervical canal
 LAYERS
• Endometrum
• Myometrium
• Perimetrium
 BLOOD SUPPLY
•  Arteries –uterine artery- branch of internal iliac
artery
• Veins – Internal iliac vein
 NERVE SUPPLY
• NERVE SUPPLY- Parasympathetic and sympathetic
 FALLOPIAN TUBES
• connect to each ovary, egg will enter through an opening called a
FIMBRIA, cilia sweep the egg down towards the uterus
• fertilization will occur here, or it will die within 48 hours
 RELATIONS
• Anterior, Posterior and Superior – the peritoneal cavity and
intestine
• Laterally – the sidewall of pelvis
• Inferior – the broad ligament and the ovaries
• Medial – the uterus lies between the uterine tubes
 PARTS
• The intestinal portion
• The isthmus
• The ampulla
• The infundibulum
• The intra mural part
BLOOD SUPPLY AND NERVE SUPPLY

• Artery – uterine and ovary

• Venous – ovarian veins

• NERVE SUPPLY Uterine and ovarian nerves

 OVARIES
• The ovaries are usually pearl-colored, oblong, and about the size of a
walnut.
• They are attached to the uterus by ligaments. In addition to
producing female sex hormones ( estrogen and progesterone ) and
male sex hormones, the ovaries produce and release eggs.
• The developing egg cells (oocytes) are contained in fluid-filled cavities
(follicles) in the wall of the ovaries. Each follicle contains one oocyte
 RELATIONS
• Anterior to the ovaries are the broad ligaments
• Posterior to the ovaries are the intestine
• Laterally to the ovaries are the infundibulopelvic ligaments and side
walls of the pelvis
• Superior to the ovaries lie the uterine tube
• Inferior to the ovaries lies the ovarian ligaments
 PARTS
•  Medulla
•  Cortex
• MEDULLA -supporting frame work Made of fibrous tissue - Has
ovarian blood vessels - Lymphatics and nerve travels through it
• CORTEX
• Functioning part of the ovum
• Contains ovarian follicles in different stage
BLOOD SUPPPLY AND NERVE SUPPLY

•  Artery –ovarian and abdominal aorta

• Venous – ovarian vein

• NERVE SUPPLY ovarian nerves from T10 segment

•  Process of releasing one mature ovum each month into that ovary’s fallopian
tube
• 2-300,000 immature ova in ovaries at birth
• Hormones from pituitary cause ovaries to begin producing female sex
hormones
• Ova begin to mature
• Ovum can live about 2 days in fallopian tube
• One sperm will enter ovum = fertilization/conception
• Each month, uterus prepares for possible pregnancy
• Hormones cause thickening of endometrium
• If ovum is fertilized, it moves into the uterus and may
burrow into this lining Will divide millions of times over 9-
10 months
• If the ovum is not fertilized – it doesn’t attach to the uterine
lining/endometrium
• Muscles of the uterus contract
• lining breaks down (“cramps”)
• Lining passes through the cervix into the vagina and out of the
vaginal opening
•  Process of shedding the lining of the uterus
• Usually lasts 4-7 days (may be shorter or longer depending
on the female’s individual cycle)
• Regulated by hormones
• 2-3 tablespoons of blood
•  Rest of flow is other tissue that makes up the
endometrium –Blood and tissue are not needed,
person should not be weak or ill from loss –After
period (“menses”), cycle begins again.
 ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
• The mammary glands are sweat glands specialized for the
production of milk. The milk-producing secretory cells form
walls of bulb-shaped chambers called alveoli that join
together with ducts, in grapelike fashion, to form clusters
called lobules.
• Numerous lobules assemble to form a lobe. Each breast
contains a single mammary gland consisting of 15 to 20 of
these lobes. Lactiferous ducts leading away from the lobes
widen into lactiferous sinuses that serve as temporary
reservoirs for milk.
• The breasts begin to enlarge in females at the onset of
puberty. Proliferating adipose (fat) tissue expands the
breast, while suspensory ligaments attached to the
underlying fascia provide support. In nonpregnant females
(and in males), the glands and ducts are not fully developed.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• D.C. Dutta’s, “ TEXTBOOK OF OBSTETRICS ”, 9th edition,
published by- Jaypee brothers, page number-

• Ross and Wilson, “ ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN HEALTH

AND ILLNESS ”, 13th edition, published by- Elsevier, Page number-
488-494.