Amniotic Sac

• The bag of membranes containing the fetus

and the amniotic fluid. Its functions is to
protect the “baby”.
Placenta

• A
Circular
vascular
structure
that
collects
wastes.
Umbilical Cord-connects the
embryo to the placenta. All
nutrients flows from the
mother to the embryo.
Breech
• Birth presentation in
which the “baby” is
not head first. It could
either be buttocks or
feet first.
Abruptio Placentae
• When the
placenta
separates
from the
uterus
prematurely.
 Placenta Previa

 
• When the
placenta is
underneath the
baby coming out
first.
                                                                                                       
Normal delivery

• The baby
should be
exiting the
vaginal
canal face
first facing
the mother’s
back.
Amniocentesis

• A needle is
inserted into
the abdomen
to detect
birth defects
in mother’s
35 years and
older.
Ultrasound
• An
instrument
used to
visually
evaluate the
baby and
detect any
abnormalities.
 Dilated Cervix

 
• The baby can be
delivered when
the cervix is
dilated to 10 cm.
Effacement is the
                                                                                                                                               

thinning of the
cervix.
 Epidural
• Regional
anesthesia
delivered near the
spinal cord
between the
vertebrae.
 Forceps
• A tool used to
help extract the
baby late in
labor
Vacuum extractor
Physical symptoms of a pregnant
woman
Linea Nigra
• a dark line
appearing
on the
abdomen.
 Mask of pregnancy
• Spots and patches
of a yellowish-
brown color on
the face due to
the hormones of
pregnancy
Extremely swollen ankles
• A pregnant
woman will have

 
two times the
amount of blood
in her body and
                      
therefore
                swelling can be
the end result.
• Extreme pressure on
the internal organs
which may cause:
• Difficulty breathing
• Indigestion or
decrease in appetite
• Constipation
• Gas
• Pain and discomfort
In Vitro Fertilization
• Surgical procedure
• Eggs are removed
after fertilization
drugs were
administered.
• eggs are fertilized
outside the body
then reinserted back
into the uterus.
Artificial Insemination-insert sperm
into the uterus.
Multiple births
• Multiple
fertilized
eggs grow
and
develop
into
babies.
• Complications of
Pregnancy and Birth
 Ectopic Pregnancy
• The pregnancy tissue or embryo becomes
implanted in the fallopian tubes or
somewhere else in the abdomen besides the
uterus. The embryo may die and frequently
must be removed by surgery.
Ectopic Pregnancy
 Toxemia
• The pregnant woman has high blood
pressure, swelling, and protein in the
urine. Untreated toxemia can result in
convulsions, coma and the death of both
mother and infant. It is most common
among teenagers, older women, and
women who already have health problems.
 Rh Incompatibility
• A woman’s blood produces an antibody that
attacks a substance in the infant’s blood
cells. This may occur if the woman is Rh
negative and the infant is Rh positive. The
problem can be avoided by injections that
prevent a woman’s blood from making RH
antibody.
 Cesarean Section
• If delivery through the birth canal is
considered to be risky for any reason,
an operation called a cesarean section
is performed. An incision is made
through the abdomen and uterus, and
the baby is taken from the mother’s
body
 Stillbirth
• An infant that is born
dead 22 weeks or more
after conception.
 Miscarriage
(spontaneous abortion)
• The pregnancy tissue or embryo is
expelled from the uterus before it is
sufficiently developed. Miscarriage may
be caused by a genetic defect, illness in the
mother, drugs the mother has taken, or
other factors. Miscarriage usually occur
during the first three months of pregnancy.