AUTOTRANSFORMERS

PREPARED BY:
CESAR G. MANALO, JR.
 Learning Objectives
 Discuss the operation and use of autotransformers.
 Solve problems related to autotransformers.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Voltage and Current Relationships
IH
+
ISE
VSE
IP IL NSE
+ IS +
+
VH
NC
NP NS VS
VP VL VC IC
-
- - -
Step-up autotransformer

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Voltage and Current Relationships

IH
+
IP VSE ISE
+ IS IL
+ NSE
+
VH
VS NC
VP NP NS VL VC IC
-
- - -
Step-up autotransformer
 The winding common to both the input and output of the
autotransformer is called the common winding NC (which is the primary
winding NP in the original transformer).
 The other winding in series with the common winding is called the series
winding NSE (which is the secondary winding NS on the original
transformer).
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Voltage and Current Relationships
IH
+
ISE
VSE
IP IL NSE
+ IS +
+
VH
NC
NP NS VS
VP VL VC IC
-
- - -
Step-up autotransformer

 The low voltage side and high voltage side of the autotransformer
are designated as VL and VH respectively.
 The common winding voltage is designated VC and the series
winding VSE.
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Voltage and Current Relationships
Step-up autotransformer IH IH Step-down autotransformer
+ +
+ +
ISE ISE
VSE VSE
IL NSE NSE I
L
- - +
+
+ VH VH +
NC NC
VL
VL VC IC VC IC
-
-
- - - -

NSE = series winding

NC = common winding
VC = voltage across the common winding
VSE = voltage across the series winding
VL = primary voltage (step up auto) = secondary voltage (step down auto)
VH =C.
secondary
G. Manalo,voltage
Jr. (step up auto = primary voltage (step down auto)
 Voltage and Current Relationships
Step-up autotransformer φ IH IH Step-down
φ
autotransformer
+
+ +
ISE ISE
VSE VSE
IL NSE NSE I
L

+ - +
+ VH VH +
NC NC
VL
VL VC IC VC IC

- - - - - -
Voltage Relationship:
  𝑑𝜑   𝑑𝜑
𝑉 𝐶 ≅ 𝑒𝐶 = 𝑁 𝐶 𝑉 𝑆𝐸 ≅ 𝑒 𝑆𝐸 = 𝑁 𝑆𝐸
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Voltage and Current Relationships
Step-up autotransformer IH IH Step-down autotransformer
+
+ + +
ISE ISE
VSE VSE
IL NSE NSE I
L

+ - - +
+ VH VH +
NC NC
VL
VL VC IC VC IC

- - - - - -
Voltage and winding Relationships:
 𝑉 𝐶 𝑁𝐶
= (Eq. 1 - Faraday’s Law of Induction)
𝑉 𝑆𝐸 𝑁 𝑆𝐸
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Voltage and Current Relationships
Step-up autotransformer IH IH Step-down autotransformer
+
+ + +
ISE ISE
VSE VSE
IL NSE NSE I
L

+ - - +
+ VH VH +
NC NC
VL
VL VC IC VC IC

- - - - - -
Voltage and winding Relationships:
By KVL, VL - VC = 0 and VH - VSE - VC = 0,
 𝑉 𝑉 𝑆𝐸 𝑁 𝑆𝐸
𝐻 (Eq. 2 - Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law & Faraday’s
= +1= +1
𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐶 𝑁𝐶 Law)
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Voltage and Current Relationships
Step-up autotransformer IH IH Step-down autotransformer
+
+ + +
ISE ISE
VSE VSE
IL NSE NSE I
L

+ - - +
+ VH VH +
NC NC
VL
VL VC IC VC IC

- - - - - -
Current and winding Relationships:
By energy conservation principle (for ideal autotransformer)
 𝐼 𝑉 𝐻 𝑁 𝑆𝐸
𝑉
 
𝐻 𝐼 𝐻 =𝑉 𝐿 𝐼 𝐿 = =
𝐿
+1 (Energy/Power Conservation Law)
𝐼𝐻 𝑉 𝐿 𝑁𝐶
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Voltage and Current Relationships
Step-up autotransformer IH IH Step-down autotransformer
+
+ + +
ISE ISE
VSE VSE
IL NSE NSE I
L

+ - - +
+ VH VH +
NC NC
VL
VL VC IC VC IC

- - - - - -
Current and winding Relationships:
By KCL, IL = ISE + IC and since IH = ISE,
 𝐼 𝐼𝐶 𝑁 𝑆𝐸  𝐼 𝐶 𝑁 𝑆𝐸 (Kirchhoff’s Current &
𝐿
= +1= +1 = Energy Conservation Law)
𝐼 𝐻 𝐼 𝑆𝐸 𝑁𝐶 𝐼 𝑆𝐸 𝑁 𝐶
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Voltage and Current Relationships
Step-up autotransformer IH IH Step-down autotransformer
+
+ + +
ISE ISE
VSE VSE
IL NSE NSE I
L

+ - - +
+ VH VH +
NC NC
VL
VL VC IC VC IC

- - - - - -
Voltage and Current Relationships:
 𝑉 𝐶 𝑁𝐶  𝐼 𝐶 𝑁 𝑆𝐸  𝑉𝐶 𝐼 𝑆𝐸
= = =
𝑉 𝑆𝐸 𝑁 𝑆𝐸 𝐼 𝑆𝐸 𝑁 𝐶 𝑉 𝑆𝐸 𝐼 𝐶
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Apparent Power Ratings
 The apparent rating of an autotransformer is not the same as its
winding apparent rating.
IH
Let: SA = apparent power rating of the
autotransformer + +
ISE
SW = autotransformer winding VSE
NSE I
apparent power rating L
- +
VH +
𝑆 𝐴 =𝑉 𝐿 𝐼 𝐿 =𝑉 𝐻 𝐼 𝐻
  NC
VL
VC IC
𝑆  𝑊 =𝑉 𝐶 𝐼 𝐶 =𝑉 𝑆𝐸 𝐼 𝑆𝐸
- - -

 𝑆 𝐴 𝑉 𝐿 𝐼 𝐿 𝐼 𝑆𝐸 + 𝐼 𝐶 𝐼 𝑆𝐸 𝑁𝐶
= = =1+ =1+
𝑆𝑊 𝑉 𝐶 𝐼 𝐶 𝐼𝐶 𝐼𝐶 𝑁 𝑆𝐸
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Apparent Power Ratings

 𝑆𝐴 𝑁𝐶
=1+ IH
𝑆𝑊 𝑁 𝑆𝐸
+ +
ISE
  𝑵𝑪
𝑺 𝑨 = 𝑺𝑾
( 𝟏+
𝑵 𝑺𝑬 ) VSE

-
NSE I
L
+
VH +
NC
 This “apparent rating advantage” is
VL
made possible because not all VC IC
power passes through the
windings. - - -

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem #1
 A 100-VA, 120/12-V transformer is to be connected so as to form a
step-up autotransformer. A primary voltage of 120 V is applied to
the transformer.
a) what is the secondary voltage of the transformer?
b) what is its maximum volt-ampere rating in this mode of
operation?
c) calculate the rating advantage of this autotransformer
connection over the transformer’s rating in conventional
120/12 V operation?
d) If the transformer is delivering rated load at 0.8 PF lagging,
what are the values of the input, output, and winding
currents?

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem #1-Solution
IH
CONNECTON 1 +
ISE
VSE
IL IL NSE
+ IH +
+
VH
NC
VL NP NS
VH VL VC IC
-
- - -
Step-up autotransformer

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem #1-Solution
IH
CONNECTON 2 IH +
+
ISE
VH VSE
NSE
+ IL
- VH

NP NS NC
VL VC
IC
IL
+ - -
Step-up autotransformer
VL
-

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem #1-Solution
IH
CONNECTON 1 +
ISE
VSE
IL IL NSE
+ IH +
+
VH
NC
VL NP NS
VH VL VC IC
-
- - -
Step-up autotransformer

𝑁 𝐶 =𝑁 𝑃
 
  𝑁𝐶 𝑁 𝑃 120
= = =10
𝑁 𝑆𝐸=𝑁 𝑆
  𝑁 𝑆𝐸 𝑁 𝑆 12

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem #1-Solution
IH
CONNECTON 1 +
ISE
VSE
IL IL NSE
+ IH +
+
VH
NC
VL NP NS
VH VL VC IC
-
- - -
Step-up autotransformer
  𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝐶 𝑉𝐿
10= = =
𝑁 𝑆𝐸 𝑉 𝑆 𝐸 𝑉 𝐻 −𝑉 𝐿
  𝟏𝟏 𝑽 𝑳 𝟏𝟏(𝟏𝟐𝟎)
𝑽 𝑯= = =𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝑽
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem #1-Solution
IH
CONNECTON 1 +
ISE
VSE
IL IL NSE
+ IH +
+
VH
NC
VL NP NS
VH VL VC IC
-
- - -
Step-up autotransformer
  𝑵𝑪
𝑺 𝑨 = 𝑺𝑾
( 𝟏+
𝑵 𝑺𝑬)=𝟏𝟎𝟎 ( 𝟏+𝟏𝟎 ) =𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝑨

 𝑺 𝑨 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎
= =𝟏𝟏
𝑺𝑾 𝟏𝟎𝟎
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem #1-Solution
IH
CONNECTON 2 IH +
+
ISE
VH VSE
NSE
+ IL
- VH

NP NS NC
VL VC
IC
IL
+ - -
Step-up autotransformer
VL
𝑁 𝐶 =𝑁 𝑆
    𝑁𝐶 𝑁 𝑆 12
- = = =0.1
𝑁 𝑆𝐸=𝑁 𝑃
  𝑁 𝑆𝐸 𝑁 𝑃 120

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem #1-Solution
IH
CONNECTON 2 IH +
+
ISE
VH VSE
NSE
+ IL
- VH

NP NS NC
VL VC
IC
IL
+ - -
Step-up autotransformer
VL
  𝑁𝐶 𝑉𝐶 𝑉𝐿
- 0.1= = =
𝑁 𝑆𝐸 𝑉 𝑆𝐸 𝑉 𝐻 −𝑉 𝐿
  𝟏 .𝟏 𝑽 𝑳 𝟏 .𝟏(𝟏𝟐𝟎)
𝑽 𝑯= = =𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝑽
𝟎 .𝟏 𝟎.𝟏
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem #1-Solution
IH
CONNECTON 2 IH +
+
ISE
VH VSE
NSE
+ IL
- VH

NP NS NC
VL VC
IC
IL
+ - -
Step-up autotransformer
VL
  𝑵𝑪
- 𝑺 𝑨 = 𝑺𝑾 ( 𝟏+
𝑵 𝑺𝑬 )
=𝟏𝟎𝟎 ( 𝟏+𝟎 . 𝟏 )=𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝑽𝑨

 𝑺𝑨
=𝟏 .𝟏
𝑺𝑾
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem #1-Solution
IH
CONNECTON 1 +

𝑽 𝑯 =𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝑽
 
VSE
ISE
IL NSE
  𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝑯= =𝟎 .𝟕𝟔   36.87 o +
𝟏𝟑𝟐 NC
VH

𝑰 𝑺𝑬=𝑰 𝑯 =𝟎 . 𝟕𝟔   36.87 o
  VL VC IC

IC N SE
 - -
I SE N C
  𝟏
𝑰 𝑪 =( 𝟎 . 𝟕𝟔 ) × =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟕𝟔  36.87 o
𝟏𝟎
𝑰 𝑳 =𝑰 𝑺𝑬 + 𝑰 𝑪 =𝟎 . 𝟕𝟔+𝟎 . 𝟎𝟕𝟔=𝟎 . 𝟖𝟑𝟔   36.87 o
 

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem #2
 An autotransformer is used to connect a 12.6-kV distribution line
to a 13.8-kV distribution line. It must be capable of handling 2000
kVA. There are three phases, connected Y -Y with their neutrals
solidly grounded.
a) What must the NClNSE turns ratio be to accomplish this
connection?
b) How much apparent power must the windings of each
autotransformer handle?
c) What is the power advantage of this autotransformer system?
d) If one of the autotransformers were reconnected as an
ordinary transformer, what would its ratings be?

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem #2 - Solution
VH N SE
 1 SA
VL NC  11 .5
SW
13.8 / 3 N SE
 1
12.6 / 3 N C As ordinary transformer
NC N P NC
 10.5 a   10.5
N SE N S N SE

 NC  12.6
S A  SW 1   VP   7275 V
3
 N SE 
2000 VP 7275
 SW 1  10.5 VS    693 V
3 a 10.5

SW  57.97 KVA Rating  SW  57.97 KVA

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Seatwork
 A 500-VA, 230/115-V transformer (shown below) is to be connected so
as to form a step-up autotransformer.
a) If terminal “b” is to remain connected to the primary line, which
terminal in the secondary winding (b or d) should be connected to
terminal “a”?
b) If the connected terminals in a) is now called terminal “x”, which
terminal letters should be connected to the primary line? Which
terminal letters should be connected to the secondary line?
c) What would be the KVA rating of this autotransformer?
d) What would be the secondary line current if 200 V is applied to the
primary terminals and autotransformer is operating at rated load?

a IP IS c +
+

VS
VP NP NS

d -
C. G. Manalo, Jr. b
-
 REFERENCE(S):
1. Electric Machinery Fundamentals, Stephen J. Chapman, 5th Edition,
Mc-Graw Hill.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 END OF SESSION

C. G. Manalo, Jr.