Module 1 : Transformer Principles (Part 3)

Perseverance and Ingenuity

EE122
AC APPARATUS
and
DEVICES
Cesar G. Manalo, Jr.
Faculty,
Department of Electrical Engineering
Photo by: mars.nasa.gov
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER NO LOAD CONDITIONS
PRINCIPLES

• Applying a sinusoidal voltage v1 on

the primary winding results on a
small periodic non-sinusoidal
steady-state current iϕ, called the
exciting current,
• iϕ will form a sinusoidal flux ϕ in the
magnetic circuit.
• The formed sinusoidal flux will
induce voltage e1 on the primary
winding,
  𝑑 𝜙1 𝑑𝑖 ∅ 𝑑 𝜆1
𝑒 1= 𝑁 1 =𝐿 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER NO LOAD CONDITIONS
PRINCIPLES

• By KVL on the primary,

𝑣 1 =𝑖 𝜙 𝑅1 +𝑖 𝜙 𝑋 1 +𝑒 1
 

where,
R1 = resistance of primary.
winding
X1 = inductive reactance due
to primary winding
leakage flux
• For most large transformers, the
resistance R1 is very small and
primary leakage flux is negligible
compared to total flux in the core,
especially if transformer is loaded.
Thus,  𝑣 1 ≈ 𝑒 1 or 𝑉
  1 ≈ 𝐸1
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER NO LOAD CONDITIONS
PRINCIPLES

∅
  𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏

∅
  𝑷𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒌 ∅
  𝑺𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒌

Secondary
Primary Leakage Flux

• In a real transformer, the total flux linking the primary winding has two components:
– The main or resultant mutual flux, confined essentially to the iron core and
produced by the combined effect of the primary and secondary currents.
– The primary leakage flux, which links only the primary.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER NO LOAD CONDITIONS
PRINCIPLES

I1 I2

V1 E1 E2 V2

Secondary
Primary Leakage Flux

• The main flux induces the counter emf E1.

• The primary leakage flux which exist mostly in air also induces small voltage EPL
that is proportional to the primary current I1.
𝐸 𝑃𝐿=𝑘 𝐼 1 =𝑋 1 𝐼 1=𝐼 1 𝑋 1
 

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER NO LOAD CONDITIONS
PRINCIPLES

Assuming,

• This shows that the flux ϕ is merely determined by the applied voltage, its frequency
and the number of turns of the primary winding.
• The exciting current adjust itself to produce the required mmf to create the sinusoidal
flux under the constraints of the hysteric nature of the core causing that current to
become non-sinusoid.
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER NO LOAD CONDITIONS
PRINCIPLES

 𝒗 𝟏 =𝒆 𝟏
ϕ
E1
90o

iϕ
φ

Shape of the exciting current iϕ relative to induced Phasor Diagram

voltage e and magnetic flux ϕ of e and ϕ

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER NO LOAD CONDITIONS
PRINCIPLES

• iϕ being periodic can be represented by a fundamental component and its

harmonics that are sinusoidal.
• When transformer is operating at full-load, iϕ is so small compared to the full-
load current (about 1% to 2% only), making harmonics trivial.

iϕ

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER NO LOAD CONDITIONS
PRINCIPLES

• Exciting current can be represented by an Ic E1

equivalent sinusoidal current that has the same θc
rms value and frequency and average power as the
Iφ
actual exciting current. Im
• The equivalent sinusoidal iϕ (Iϕ in phasor form) can
then be resolved into two components: Ic that is in- φ
phase with E1 and Im that is lagging E1 by 90o. e1
 𝐼 ϕ
∅ =𝐼 𝑐 + 𝐼 𝑚 (𝑖𝑛 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑟 )
90o
• Im supplies the magnetizing current needed to
90o
produce the magnetic flux.
ic im
• Ic supplies the power absorbed by the hysteresis
and eddy-current loss called the core loss
component Pc.
 
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER NO LOAD CONDITIONS
PRINCIPLES

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER NO LOAD CONDITIONS
PRINCIPLES

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
TRANSFORMER
PRINCIPLES
§ EXAMPLE 2

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 TRANSFORMER
PRINCIPLES
§ EXAMPLE 2 - Solution

2 2
  𝑑∅ 𝑑 (𝐵 𝑐 𝐴 𝑐 ) 𝑑 𝐵𝑐 0.0254 𝑚 𝑑
𝑒= 𝑁 =𝑁 = 𝑁𝐴 𝑐 =200(2)(2)× 2
× 0.94 × ( 1.0 sin 377 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡

  𝟏𝟖𝟐 . 𝟗 Ic E
𝑒=182.9
  cos 377 𝑡 𝑬= =𝟏𝟐𝟗 . 𝟑𝟑 𝑽 𝒓𝒎𝒔
√𝟐 θc

 𝑃𝑐 =0.5𝑊 / 𝑘𝑔  𝑃𝑎 =0.6 𝑉𝐴 / 𝑘𝑔 𝑊

  𝑐 =13.2 𝑘𝑔 . Im
Iφ

  0.6 (13.2)
 𝑃𝑎 =𝐸 𝐼 ∅ / 𝑊 𝑐 𝐼 ∅= = 61.24 𝑚𝐴 𝑟𝑚𝑠
129.33 φ Phasor Diagram

  ore loss =
𝑜
𝜃
  𝑐 = 33.56
 𝑰 𝒄 = 𝑰 ∅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟑 . 𝟓𝟔=𝟔𝟏 .𝟐𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟑 .𝟓𝟔=𝟓𝟏 . 𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝑨 𝒓𝒎𝒔
 𝑰 𝑴 = 𝑰 ∅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟑 .𝟓𝟔=𝟔𝟏 . 𝟐𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟑 . 𝟓𝟔= 𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝑨 𝒓𝒎𝒔
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 References:

Electric Machinery, 6th Ed., A. E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Jr.,

Stephen D. Umans

Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 5th Ed., Stephen J. Chapman

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 END OF SESSION

C. G. Manalo, Jr.