Water Supply

Fittings
Ar. Manisha Jaidka
Main constituents of distribution system
network

PIPES
 Pipes
A pipe is a tubular section or hollow
cylinder, used mainly to convey
substances which can flow — liquids
and gases (fluids), slurries, powders
and masses of small solids.

Pipes are used for plumbing

purposes.
 Pipes
- Pipes are pressure
conduits in which water
flows under pressure.

Area = 1/Pressure
 Efficiency of pipes is dependent on:

• Joints between the adjacent pipes

• The slope on which it has been laid
• The material used
 Types of Pipes

• Plastic pipes
• Galvanised iron (GI) pipes
• Asbestos cement (AC) pipes
• Cast iron (CI) pipes
• RCC spun pipes (Hume pipes)
• Copper pipes
 In any plant various fluids flow through
pipes from one end to other.
But how does it happens
To solve these problems we need
the pipe components, which are
called

PIPE FITTINGS

We need some
branch
connections

We need some bend

connections
 But if we want to control the flow from Tank-1 to
other tanks.

We need some arrangement to stop

the flow if needed

These are flanged

joints

This is a welded joint

To control the flow in a pipe line we

need to fit a special component.
That is called - VALVE
FITTING
S
 A fitting is used in pipe plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing
sections , to adapt to different sizes or shapes and for other purposes, such as
regulating the flow of fluids.

COMMON TYPES OF FITTINGS

1.Elbow
An elbow is a pipe fitting installed between two
lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of
direction, usually a 90° or 45°
angle.

2. Coupling
Pipe coupling: A coupling connects two pipes to each
other. There is no change in the direction of the two
pipes. If the size of the pipe
is not the same, the fitting may be called a reducing
coupling or reducer, or an adapter.
 3. Union
• A combination pipe union and reducer
fitting .
• A union is similar to a coupling, except it is
designed to allow quick and convenient
disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture
replacement.
Union

4. Threaded pipe
• A threaded pipe is a pipe with a screw thread
at one or both ends for assembly. Steel pipe is
often joined using threaded connections
Thread Pipe

5. Cap
• A type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or gas tight,
which covers the end of a pipe. A cap is used
like plug.

Cap
 6. Compression Connections
• Compression fittings consist of a tapered concave
conical seat, a hollow barrel-shaped
compression ring, and a compression nut which is
threaded onto the body of the fitting and tightened to
Compression Connections make a leak-proof connection.

7. Flange fittings
• Flanges are generally used when
there is a connection to valves

• Flange fittings generally involve pressing

two surfaces to be joined tightly
together, by means of threaded bolts,
wedges, clamps, or other means of
applying high compressive forces.[
 Valves
Valves are mechanical devices that control
GATE the flow and pressure within a piping
VALVE: system. Commonly used Valves are: gate,
globe, plug, ball, butterfly, check,
diaphragm, pinch, pressure relief, and control
Valves.

RELIEF AND FLOAT VALVE

GLOBLE
VALVE:
Laying and
Jointing
 Laying and Jointing

1. CUTTING OF PIPES
It is done:
• When pipes are to be
laid in shorter lengths
than the length supplied
by the manufacture.
• When pipes fitting/
accessories as tee,
bends etc. are to be
installed
 Laying and Jointing

1. CUTTING OF PIPES

• First mark a line around the pipe with a chalk.

• Mark should be at right angle to the longitudinal axis of the
pipe
• The pipe should be rigidly held on 2 parallel rafters nailed on
cross beams
 Laying and Jointing

1. CUTTING OF PIPES
• Taking care that the portion to be cut does not overhang.

• Pipe is then neatly cut at the chalk mark with carpenter’s saw or
hacksaw
 Laying and Jointing

2. DIGGING OF TRENCHES
It is done:
• So that pipes can be
laid to the required
alignment & depth.
• Depth and formation
of trench depends upon
the type of soil and its
bearing capacity.
 Laying and Jointing

2. DIGGING OF TRENCHES
• If the bed is in soft soil it should be well watered and rammed
before pipes are laid.
• Depression in the bed should be properly filled with earth and
consolidated.
• Rocks, stones and other substances should be removed and
extra 150mm excavated portion be refilled with fine soil or
sand available.
• Presence of roots of trees if any, within a distance of 0.5m
may be removed.
 Laying and Jointing

3. LAYING OF PIPES
• Pipes can be lowered
into the trench by
means of suitable
pulley blocks, sheer
legs, chains, ropes, etc.
• Pipes should not be
dropped into the
trench.
 Laying and Jointing

3. LAYING OF PIPES
• One end of each rope may be tied to a wooden or steel peg
driven into the ground and the other end held by men which
when slowly released will lower the pipe into trench.
• After lowering, the pipes should be so arranged that the spigot of
one pipe is carefully centred into socket of the next pipe, and
pushed to full distance that it can go.
 Laying and Jointing

3. LAYING OF PIPES
• Pipe line is laid to the required level and slope.
• For unstable soils, the bearing capacity must be tested to check
whether the soils can support the pipelines and if req., suitable
foundations should be made.
 Laying and Jointing

3. LAYING OF PIPES
• In case clayey soils: It is drastically affected by extremes of
saturated and dryness.
• Therefore soil suffers from extraordinary shrinkage.
• Wide and deeps cracks are formed which can damage the
underground structures and pipe materials.
• This can cause excessive stresses on pipe as clay shrinks.
• For such cases, it is recommended that an envelop of a
minimum 100mm of tamped sand is made around the pipe-
line to avoid damages.
 Laying and Jointing

4. THURST BLOCKS
• These are installed wherever there is a change in the
direction /size of the pipe-line or when a pipe-line ends at a
dead end.
• Type of construction of thurst blocks depends on the pipe size,
water pressure, type of fittings, gravity component when laid
on slopes and the type of soil.
• It is provided at Tees junctions, cross junction, at bends, “Y”
junction, deviation bends, dead ends and where valves are
used.
 Laying and Jointing

4. THURST BLOCKS
 Laying and Jointing

4. THURST BLOCKS
• When fitting is used to make a vertical bend, it is anchored to
concrete thurst blocks. Theses are designed to have enough
weight to resist upward and outward thurst.
• Good soil, properly tamped is usually sufficient to hold pipe
from side movement.
• But in case of soft soil, it may be necessary to provide side
thurst blocks.
 Laying and Jointing

5. BACK FILLING AND TAMPING

• It is done to protect the pipe from the boulders falling into the
trench.
• The soil under the pipe and couplings should be solidly tamped
to provide firm and continuous support.
• Tamping is mainly done with tamping bars or by adding water
to back filling materials.
• Back-fill material should be free of large stones or dry lumps.
 Laying and Jointing

5. BACK FILLING AND TAMPING

Procedure:
• First back-fill is placed evenly in a layer, about 100mm thick.
• This should be well consolidated and continued till a proper
cushion of at least 300mm cover over the pipe is achieved.
• If it is desired to observe the joint or coupling during testing of
mains, then should be left exposed.
• Extra care should be taken for the pipes in sloping trenched.
 Laying and Jointing

6. CARRYING OUT HYDROSTATIC TESTS

• After a new pipe-line is laid, jointed and back filled, it should be
subjected to following tests:

Pressure test Leakage test

at a pressure of at least To be done after the
double the maximum pressure test for a
working pressure. Pipes duration of 2 hours.
and joints should be
watertight.
 Laying and Jointing

6. CARRYING OUT HYDROSTATIC TESTS

• By these tests any error of workmanship can be found
immediately and can be corrected at a minimum cost.
• Length of section to be tested should not exceed 500mm.
• Any section of pipe provided with concrete thurst blocks,
pressure test should be done at least after 5 days have elapsed for
the concrete casting.
• Section of pipe-line to be tested should filled with water manually
of by low pressure pump.
• Air should be vented from all high spots in pipe-lines before
testing.
• Duration of pressure test should not be more than 5 minutes.
• Any cracks observed during the test should be replaced.
 PIPES LAYING:
SINGLE STORIED
HOUSE
 Pipes
Pipes are used for:

Water supply Sanitation &

drainage
- Mains
-- Up pipe - Soil pipe
-- Down pipe -- waste water pipe
-- rain water pipe
 OH. Tank
DN Pipe
Ø 18mm
UP Pipe
Ø 25mm Toilet G Kitchen
Building
Premises Hot Water Line

Cold Water Line

Bath. WC WB Sink

GL.

Water Main Fresh/ Cold Water Line

UG Tank
Water
Meter
COLD WATER SERVICE SYSTEMS
Direct System (Upward Water Distribution)
Sufficient Pressure
For Not more than Two Floors
Indirect System (Down-take Water Supply)
-Directly Pumped Up+ Stored + Supplied by Gravity
-Stored in U.G. Tank + Pumped to O.H. Tank + Supplied by
Gravity
Or Both
HOT WATER SERVICE SYSTEMS
LOCAL SYSTEMS
Instantaneous Systems
Storage Systems
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
Usually consist of a boiler or hot water heater coupled by
circulating piping to a large storage vessel.