UNIT-2

 Addressing Modes of 8086

 Instruction Formats of 8086
 Instruction Set of 8086
 Assembler Directives
 Simple Programs
 Procedures And Macros

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 Instruction Formats Of 8086
 A machine language format has one or more number of fields
associated with it.
 The first field is called as operation code(Opcode) field,
which indicates the type of the operation to be performed by
the CPU.
 The instruction format also contains other fields known as
Operand(data) fields. The CPU executes the instruction using
the information which resides in these fields.
 There are six general formats of instructions in 8086
instruction set. The length of an instruction may vary from
one byte to six bytes.
 The instruction formats are also known as instruction
templates.

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 Instruction Formats
 One Byte Instruction Format:
This format is only one byte long and may have the implied data or
register operands.
The least significant 3-bits of the opcode are used for specifying the
register operand, if any.Otherwise, all the 8-bits form an opcode and
the operands are implied.
7 0 7 0
Opcode or Opcode W

7 0 7 32 0
or
Opcode Z Opcode Reg.

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 Instruction Formats
 Two Byte Instruction:
Used for Register to register and register to/from memory with no
displacement.
This format is 2 byte long
The first byte of the code specifies the operation code and the width of
the operand specified by W bit.
The second byte of the code shows the register operands and R/M
field.
The register specified by Reg. field is one operand and the R/M field
specifies another register or memory location i.e., the other operand.
The mod field will be specifying the addressing mode of the operand.
7 2 1 0 7 6 5 3 2 0
opcode D W Mod Reg. R/M
(or)

7 2 1 0 7 6 5 3 2 0
opcode V W Mod Reg. R/M
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 Instruction Formats
 Three Byte Instruction:
Used for register to/from memory with 8-bit displacement or 8-bit
immediate data.
This format is 3 byte long
The first two bytes are similar to the two byte instruction format, and
have all the fields of two bytes same.
7 2 1 0 7 6 5 3 2 0 7 0
opcode D W Mod Reg. R/M Disp-8

(or)
7 2 1 0 7 6 5 3 2 0 7 0

opcode D W Mod Reg. R/M Data-8

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 Instruction Formats
 Four Byte Instruction:
Used for register to/from memory with 16-bit displacement and also
for 16-bit immediate data to Register/Memory .
This format is 4 byte long
The format of instruction for register to/from memory with 16-bit
displacement, there will be two bytes of displacement along with the
first two bytes similar to two byte instruction,its format is as shown
below:
7 2 1 0 7 6 5 3 2 0 7 0
opcode D W Mod Reg. R/M Disp. Lower Byte

7 0
Disp. Higher Byte

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 Instruction Formats
 Four Byte Instruction:
The format of instruction for moving 16-bit immediate data to
register/memory will have the first byte as well as the 3-bits of second
byte which were used for Reg. field by two byte instruction as opcode
fields.
The following bytes i.e., third and fourth bytes as 16-bit immediate
data.
The format of instruction for moving 16-bit immediate data to
register/memory will have the following template.
7 2 1 0 7 6 5 3 2 0 7 0
opcode D W Mod Reg. R/M Data Lower Byte

7 0
Data Higher Byte

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 Instruction Formats
 Five Byte Instruction:
Used for moving immediate 8-bit data to memory with 16-bit displacement.
This is five byte long template.
The format of instruction will have the first byte as well as the 3-bits of
second byte which were used for Reg. field by two byte instruction as
opcode fields.
The next two bytes will be the 16-bit displacement bytes.
The last byte is an 8-bit data.
The format of the template is:
7 2 1 0 7 6 5 3 2 0 7 0
opcode D W Mod Reg. R/M Disp. Lower Byte

7 0 7 0
Disp. Higher Byte Data Byte

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 Instruction Formats
 Six Byte Instruction:
Used for moving immediate 16-bit data to memory with 16-bit displacement.
This is six byte long template.
The format of instruction will have the first byte as well as the 3-bits of
second byte which were used for Reg. field by two byte instruction as
opcode fields.
The next two bytes will be the 16-bit displacement bytes.
The next two bytes is 16-bit data.
The format of the template is:
7 2 1 0 7 6 5 3 2 0 7 0
opcode D W Mod Reg. R/M Disp. Lower Byte

7 0 7 0 7 0
Disp. Higher Byte Lower Data Byte Higher Data Byte

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 Instruction Formats
 The templates have the single bit indicators their significance
is as given below:
o W-bit: indicates whether the instruction is to operate over an 8-bit or
16-bit data/operand.
W=0 if the operand is of 8-bit,W=1 if the operand is of 16-bit.
o D-bit: destination
D=0, If the register specified by REG field is source operand.
D=1, If the register specified by REG field is destination operand.
o S-bit: Sign extension bit
if s=0,w=0 => 8-bit operation with 8-bit immediate operand
if s=0,w=1 => 16-bit operation with 16-bit immediate
operand
if s=1,w=1 => 16-bit operation with a sign extended immediate data.
o V-bit: used in case of shift & rotate instruction
v=0 if shift count is 1
v=1 if CL contains shift count
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 Instruction Formats
 The templates have the single bit indicators their significance is as given
below:
o Z-bit: used by REP instruction to control the loop.
If z=1, REP prefix is executed until zero flag matches the Z-bit.
 Reg. field:
This 3-bit reg. field is used to indicate the source or destination of operand along
with d-bit. If d=0, then the register specified by reg. field is source operand. If d=1,
then the register specified by reg. field is destination operand. The register can be
8-bit/16-bit register as specified by the w-bit.
 R/M field :
This 3-bit field is used to indicate the source or destination of operand. If
register specified by reg. field is source of operand then r/m field is used to
indicate destination operand or vice versa.
 Mod field :
This 2-bit mod field defines the method of addressing the operand
specified by the r/m field.

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 Instruction Formats
 Codes for Mod field

Code for Mod Name of the Mode

Field
00 Memory mode with
No displacement
01 Memory mode with an 8-bit
signed displacement
10 Memory mode with 16-bit
unsigned displacement
11 Register Mode

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 Instruction Formats
 Codes for Segment Registers

Code for SEG. Name of the SEG.

Registers Register
00 ES
01 CS
10 SS
11 DS

 Usually all the addressing modes have DS as default segment, but the
instructions/Addressing modes using SP and BP for Effective Address
calculation use Stack segment as default segment.

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 Instruction Formats
 Codes for Reg. field

Code for Name of the register represented by code

Reg. field when W= 0 or 1
When W = 0 When W = 1

000 AL AX
001 CL CX
010 DL DX
011 BL BX
100 AH SP
101 CH BP
110 DH SI
111 BH DI

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 Instruction Formats
 Codes for R/M field

Code for Effective Address calculation when Mod = 00/01/10

R/M field Mod = 00 Mod = 01 Mod = 10

000 [BX + SI] [BX + SI + Disp.8] [BX + SI + Disp.16]

001 [BX + DI] [BX + DI + Disp.8] [BX + DI + Disp.16]
010 [BP + SI] [BP + SI + Disp.8] [BP + SI + Disp.16]
011 [BP + DI] [BP + DI + disp.8] [BP + DI + disp.16]
100 [SI] [SI + disp.8] [SI + disp.16]
101 [DI] [DI + disp.8] [DI + disp.16]
110 [DISP. 16] [BP + Disp.8] [BP + Disp.16]
111 [BX] [BX + Disp.8] [BX + Disp.16]

 Disp.8  8-bit signed displacement

Disp.16  16-bit unsigned displacement
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