WIRELESS EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Energy for IoT Systems

Doan Duy, Ph. D.
Email: duyd@uit.edu.vn

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 1

 Objectives

- Acquiring basis of Energy in IoT Systems

- Understanding basically about Low Power Design

- Getting known of Techniques for Energy Havesting

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 2

 Content

1 Overview of Energy in IoT Systems

2 Low Power Techniques

3 Energy Harvesting

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 3

 1 Overview of Energy in IoT Systems

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 4

 Issues related to Energy
 99,99% of devices are classified as Embedded system [1]

 Energy: important and critical issue.

 Devices in IoT eco-system are mainly portable, mobile and battery-

dependent.
 That wireless based devices use battery for energy is itself source of
waste.
It is required an effective energy management:
- Software based: program, code…
- Hard Water: low power, lock gating, power gating, energy
harvesting…
[1] K.V.K.K. Prasad, Embedded Real Time Systems: Concepts, Design Prog Bb,
Dreamtech Press, Nov 12, 2003
07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 5
 Issue of Energy

[2] Ramesh, Umesh & Sentilles, Séverine & Crnkovic, Ivica,

“Energy management in embedded systems: Towards a
taxonomy,” Green and Sustainable Software, June 2012.
07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 6
 Energy for Embedded systems

 Power source
 Energy consumption
 Timing Management

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 7

 Source of Energy
 Energy distribution.
 Battery
 Other sources:
 RF communication
 Thermal and light
 Motion

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 8

 Energy Consumption

 Overall, energy consumption is contributed from software (program

execution) and hardware (electron flow, energy to temperature)
 Energy consumption:
 Transistor state switch (on/off) in CPU, ALU, decoder,
multiplexer…
 Energy propagation consumption: data buss…
 Energy for memory: DRAM, cache...
 Energy to temporary emitted

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 9

 Energy Management

 Power Analysis:
 Program execution
 Operating system (context switching, scheduling…)
 Cache use (cache hit/miss, size…)
 Power optimization:
 Software techniques: ISA; optimized compiler (cache
effectiveness, instruction dependency, waiting tasks...);
optimized OS…
 Hardware techniques: Dynamic oltage scaling (DVFS);
reducing dynamic power consumption (clock gating,
power gating); power-optimized VLSI (SOTB…)
07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 10
 Sleep Mode
 Power consumption reduction Incresing
operating time with limited power.
 MCUs are designed with sleep modes to
reduce power consumption.
 Multi-sleep modes: light sleep (standby
mode, EM1)  deep sleep (EM2, EM3)
 Off mode (EM4, nearly shutdown,
restart by interrupts)
 Example:

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 11

 Sleep mode, Wakeup and Triggers

 Deep sleep mode  Power consumption reduction 

Function limitation
 Sleep modes are triggered by software (WFE, WFI…)
 “Waking up” needs support from the OS or hardware:
 Light sleep and deep sleep: waked up by software events
or system events such as wakeup(), timer interrupt…
 Off-mode: waked up by external signals reset, power-on
reset, external interrupt…

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 12

 Energy Model

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 13

 2 Low Power Techniques

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 14

  Need of reducing Power consumption
 Clock gating
 Power gating
 Dynamic Voltage and Frequency
Scaling (DVFS)

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 15

 Energy Consumption
Power consumption:
 𝑃 𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑃 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐

 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 =𝑉 𝐷𝐷 ∗ 𝐼 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘

 𝑃𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 =𝑉 𝐷𝐷 ∗ 𝐼
 Where:
• : Overall system power consumption
• : Static power (system stops working)
• : dynamic power (system operating)
• : supply power
• : leakage current
• I: current consumption when the system is in normal operation

• C: load capacity
• F: operating frequency
07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 16
 Energy Consumption (cont.)

Low power techneques:

 Reducing static power:

 Using low power supply
 Using transistor with low leakage current:
Leakage Reduction, Power gating
 Reducing dynamic power:
 Dynamically changing power supply: DVFS
 Reducing frequency: Clock gating, DVFS

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 17

 Leakage Reduction
 Transistor technologies mostly support two modes of
channel: norm-Leff and long-Leff
 long-Leff = norm-Leff +10%
 long-Leff is about 10% lower than norm-Leff , but leakage is
about three times lower
 long-Leff does not increase chip size
 norm-Leff is used in critical parts and long-Leff is used in non-
critical parts.

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 18

 Leakage Reduction (cont.)

Body-Biasing
 Another name: Variable Threshold CMOS (VTCMOS)
 Increasing threshold voltage of PMOS and NMOS by changing
body-bias.
 Target: reducing subthreshold leakage current at standby mode.

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 19

 Power Gating

 Creating 2 power modes (active mode and low power mode)

and switching between two modes efffectively.
 Mode switching is complicated and needs proper control
mechanism.
 Target: low power mode

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 20

 Power Gating (cont.)
Power gating techniques

Fine-Grain power gating Coarse-Grain power gating

(unshared power gating) (shared power gating)

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 21

 Power Gating (cont.)

Fine-Grain power gating

(unshared power gating)

 Adding sleep-transistor to all cells

 Sleep-transistor (switch transistor)
becomes a part of standard cell

 Reducing about ten times of leakage

current
 Increasing size and propagation
time.
07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 22
 Power Gating (cont.)
Coarse-Grain power gating
(shared power gating)
 Adding sleep-transistor to a group of cells.
 Sleep-transistor becomes a part of supply circuits.
 Size is not increased much.
 Reducing effect to PVT (Process-Voltage-Temperature).
 Switch capacitance increasing and metal defferences.

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 23

 Clock Gating

 Clock parts are normally consumsed 50% of power consumption

 Idea: shutdown clock not needed.
 Parts mostly comsume energy:
 Combinational Logic
 Flip-Flop
 Clock buffer
 Basic clock gating:
 Latch-based clock gating
 Latch-free clock gating

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 24

 Clock Gating (cont.)

Latch-free clock gating

 Use simple AND or OR gate
 Disadvantage: non synchronized between gate and gated clock
due to delay.
 Less using

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 25

 Clock Gating (cont.)

Latch-based clock gating

 Using level-sensitive latch
 Latch keeps signal high from up and down clock egdges
 Reducing non-synchronization on latch-free
 Mostly used in EDA
 Not change the system design.

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 26

 Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling

Voltage and Frequency are

dynamically changed based on
operating modes

At high frequency, voltage is

increased and the power
consumption increases

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 27

 3 Energy Harvesting

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 28

  Energy havesing from radio waves
 Solar energy
 Thermal engery

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 29

 Radio Frequency

 RFID Tags

RF Power Circuit

Reference:
Dongsheng Liu, Rencai Wang, Ke Yao, Xuecheng Zou
and Liang Guo, “Design and Implementation of a RF
Powering Circuit for RFID Tags or Other Batteryless RF chip in a RFID tag
Embedded Devices,” Journal of Sensors Vol. 14, pp.
14839-14857, 2014.
07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 30
 Solar Power

System Diagram

Reference:
Bello, Segun & Odey, Simon & Eke, K. &
Mohammed, M. & Balogun, Rasheed &
Okelola, Olufemi & Adegbulugbe, T..
(2012). Development and Application of
Asphalt Bonded Solar Thermogenerator in
Small Scale Agroforestry Based Industry.
Solar power circuit DOI: 10.5772/34578.
07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 31
 Thermal Power
System diagram

Reference:
A. H. M. Almawgani et. al (2019). Design and
development of mobile charging system using
thermoelectricity.
DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp972-977. Thermal power process

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 32

 End!
 Overview of power consumption in ESD

 Low power techniques

 Power harvesting

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 33

 Q&A

07/31/2021 Copyrights 2020 CE-UIT. All Rights Reserved. 34