Salahaddin University/College Of Engineering/Electrical

Department

Improvement of KRG Power System

Stability By Protection System
 PREPEARED BY

Tana Taher Azeez (Postgraduate Student)

Asst. Prof. Mr. Ameen Abbas (Supervisor)

 INTODUCTION

This thesis is to analyze the (steady state and transient) stability of a

practical data in KRG Power System by analyzing the characteristic of
machine states namely; rotor angle, machine speed, terminal bus voltage
and output electrical power with respect to the fault critical clearing time
(CCT) after the occurrence of a three-phase fault at the respective
transmission line. In addition test the theory of critical clearing duration
time when the fault occurred far from the generator and critical clearing
time when fault occurs at the line closer to the generator and balancing
them with time delay of power system protections..
The compensation elements in this study are chosen to simulate the
purpose of FACTS devices. Capacitors are connected in parallel and in
series. In addition, inductors are connected in parallel to the transmission
line. Shunt capacitors are required to adjust the power system voltage, while
the purpose of series capacitance, is to increase power transfer capacity.
Shunt reactors are used for voltage control in cases of light loads or
capacitive loads. The results of this Thesis show impact of compensation
techniques in different fault currents and consequently on the protection
devices. Furthermore, the settings of the protection devices should be
readjusted to correctly cover intended zone.
Distance relay may mal-operate when FACTS devices are connected since
they cause some of the tripping characteristics to change. This study
investigates the impact on distance relay performance due to compensations
using two types of FACTS controllers: Static VAR Compensator (SVC) and
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC).
 Power System Stability
“Power system stability is the ability of an electric power
system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a state of
operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical
disturbance, with most system variables bounded so that practically
the entire system remains intact”

The classification is done based on the following considerations:

I. The physical nature of resulting instability.
II. The size of disturbance considered.
III. The devices and time span that must be taken into
consideration in order to determine stability.
Stability Classification
 Why Power System Stability?

Power system stability is a complex subject that has

challenged power system engineers for many years.
Power systems operate closer and closer to their limits which
makes the instability problem to be more probable. With that
given, it is very important to detect any disturbance that may cause
the instability. Instability may occur during steady-state; however,
it occurs more frequently following short-circuits which makes the
time to clear a large disturbance to be very short. That is, it is very
crucial to determine whether the system will be transient stable or
will lose its synchronism. Therefore, transient stability analysis
requires very fast computation and decision making.
 Steady State Stability
Steady state stability is defined as the capability of an electric
power system to maintain its initial condition after small interruption
or to reach a condition very close to the initial one when the disturbance is still
present. The steady state stability is very important in planning and designing of the
power system, in developing special automatic control device, putting into operation
new elements of the system, or modifying its new operating condition.

Transiet Stability
 It is defined as the ability of the power system to return to its normal conditions
after a large disturbance. The large disturbance occurs in the system due to the
sudden removal of the load, line switching operations; fault occurs in the system,
sudden outage of a line, etc
Theory Related To Transient Stability
1-Swing Equation
2-CRITRICAL CLEARING TIME
3-Power Angle Curve
4-Equal Area Criteria

Voltage Stability
Voltage stability in the power system is defined as the ability of a
power system to maintain acceptable voltages at all bus in the system
under normal condition and after being subjected to a disturbance. In
the normal operating condition the voltage of a power system is stable,
but when the fault or disturbance occurs in the system, the voltage
becomes unstable this result in a progressive and uncontrollable
decline in voltage. Voltage stability is sometimes also called load
stability.
Voltage Stability Analysis
1-Static Voltage Stability Analysis
PV QV

2-Dynamic Voltage Stability Analysis

KRG Power System Network SLD
KRG Grid Model in PSSE
 KRG Network Information
Generation Stations
Total of
Number of Power
No. Installed
of S.
Name of Generation Station Generation
Generation
working unit Genertion at Type of G. Substation
Units each station
Capacity (MW)
1 Erbil Combine Erbil Steam Cycle Power Plant 2 500 2x180 360 Steam
Cycle
2 Erbil Gas Cycle Power Plant 8 1000 6x120 720 (Gas or Diesel)
Power Plant
3 Khurmala Gas Power Plant 6 960 2x140 270 Gas
4 Khabat Thermal Power Plant 2 300 1x160 160 Heavy Fuel (HFO)
5 Sulaimanya Sulaimany Steam Cycle Power Plant 2 500 2x180 360 Steam
Combine
6 Cycle Power Sulaimany Gas Cycle Power Plant 8 1000 6x120 720 (Gas or Diesel)
Plant
7 Bazyan Gas Power Plant 4 500 4x120 480 (Gas or Diesel)
8 Tasluja Power Plant 30 51 1x40 40 Heavy Fuel (HFO)
9 Dokan Hydropower Generation Station 5 400 1x55 55 Hydropower
10 Darbandikhan Hydropower Generation Station 3 249 2x70 140 Hydropower
11 Duhok Gas Power Plant 8 1000 1x100 100 (Gas or Diesel)
12 Baadre Heavy Fuel Power Plant 13 150 13x10 130 Heavy Fuel (HFO)
13 Sulaimany Diesel Power Plant 3 29 0 0 Diesel
14 Erbil Diesel Power Plant 3 29 0 0 Diesel
15 Duhok Diesel Power Plant 4 29 0 0 Diesel
16 Akre Diesel Power Plant 10 10 0 0 Diesel
Total   6707   3535  
Kurdistan Electrical Network Power Flow Data by PSS (E)
 
SIEMENS POWER TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL
 
50000 BUS POWER SYSTEM SIMULATORS--PSS(R) E-33.5.2
 
INITIATED ON FRI, NOV 01 2020 14:18
Could not find entry point python load failed with error code 126
SWING BUS SUMMARY:
BUS# X-- NAME --X BASKV PGEN PMAX PMIN QGEN QMAX QMIN
13051 BB EGPP G1 15.000 119.9 125.0 30.0 45.1 72.0 -40.0
 
GENE- FROM IND TO IND TO TO BUS GNE BUS TO LINE FROM TO TO TIE TO TIES DESIRED
 
X-- AREA --X RATION GENERATN MOTORS LOAD SHUNT DEVICES SHUNT CHARGING LOSSES LINES + LOADS NET INT
 
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 287.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 -291.8 -254.5 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 18.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.4 18.1 -18.8 -0.7
 
10 230.0 0.0 0.0 698.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.7 -488.6 -488.6 0.0
DUHOK 170.4 0.0 0.0 330.1 -242.6 0.0 0.0 57.4 137.4 2.9 2.9
 
13 1349.9 0.0 0.0 1048.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.8 251.0 208.8 0.0
ERBIL 568.2 0.0 0.0 480.7 -168.7 0.0 0.0 157.4 385.6 28.0 7.5
 
14 1795.0 0.0 0.0 1220.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.7 529.4 534.3 0.0
SULI 513.5 0.0 0.0 452.4 -113.8 0.0 0.0 123.5 310.6 -12.1 -9.7
 
COLUMN 3374.9 0.0 0.0 3253.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 121.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
TOTALS 1252.2 0.0 0.0 1281.2 -525.0 0.0 0.0 355.7 851.7 0.0 0.0
Transmission Lines
The network consists of many types of overhead transmission
(SCL, SCT, SCTT, DCL, DCT, and DCTT)
Transmission Standard voltage levels in the KRG network
ranges are 132KV and 400KV as table

Description Voltage Unit Erbil Sulaymania Duhok

Overhead 400Kv Km 38.6 0  0

Lines 132Kv Km 990 1300 750

Substations
The KRG network consist of 69 132Kv substations , with two 400kv substations, and
many mobile substations as mentioned in table
Description Voltage Erbil Sulaymania Duhok

400Kv 1   1 0 
Number of Substations
132Kv  20 35  14 

Mobile Substations 132Kv 35 11  14

 Power System Protection

Objective of the power system protection is to provide isolation to the system

from the faulted section so that system can be prevented from severe damage
and continuous power can be supplied.

Most networks parts are equipped with a number of protection devices and
during a grid disturbance all protection devices will observe the disturbance.
To allow the protection device closest to the fault to clear the fault, the other
protection devices must have a kind of restraint. In protective systems time is
a restraint that is often used.
 Transmission line Protection

The protection of transmission lines may be accomplished

by different types of relaying techniques, namely the
1-directional overcurrent relay
2-pilot relay
3-distance relay

Distance Protection:
Distance relays are is a protective device in electrical power system
widely used to protect long distance transmission lines and isolates
abnormal or fault conditions by sending trip signal to the circuit breaker .
 Critical Fault Clearing Time
The critical fault clearing time is the total time, during which
if a system is subject to disturbance and the fault is cleared within
that that time duration, the system will remain stable once the fault is isolated. If
the fault is isolated beyond the critical fault clearing time, it could lead to system
instabilities in the form of generation/load loss. The total fault clearing time is
different for different parts of power systems. It mainly depends on the
protection settings and type of protection system used. For transmission
substation with no generating unit directly connected to it, the critical fault
clearing time is usually longer than it is at a generation substation. The following
figure explains Total Fault Clearing Time.
 Improvement Application
FACTS Devices
The flexible AC transmission system is a static device construct with the
growing abilities of power electronic ingredient. Equipment’s with high
power level can change with various voltage scales. The comprehensive at
initial points for network elements preferring the reactive power the

parameters of the power system. The FACT devices are mainly classified :
 1. Series controllers like (TCSC) and (SSSC).
 2. Shunt controllers like (SVC), and (STATCOM).
 3. Combined series-series controllers.
 4. Mixed series-shunt controllers like (UPFC).
 Distance Protection(without FACTS Devices)
According to the principle operation of power system protection,
the transmission line distance protection is divided into three zones
shows in table
Zones Setting Point Time Delay
Zone 1 Cover 80% to 85% of protect line instantaneous
Zone 2 125% of protect line 20-30 cycles
Zone 3 200% of protect line 100 cycles
 With FACTS Devices
1-SVC
Impact of a Static Var Compensator (SVC) on the measured impedance
at distance protection relay location on power transmission lines. The measured
impedance at the relay location when a fault occurs on the line is determined by using
voltage and current signals from voltage and current transformers at the relay and the
type of fault occurred on the line. The MHO characteristic is applied to analyze
impact of SVC on the distance protection relay. Based on the theory. In the power
system model, it is supposed that the SVC is located at mid-point of the transmission
line to study impact of SVC on the distance relay
 With FACTS Devices
2-UPFC
drastically affect the performance of a distance relay in
a two-terminal system connected by a double-circuit transmission line. The
control characteristics of the UPFC, its location on the transmission system
and the fault resistance, especially the high ones make this problem more
severe and complicated. The fault location with respect to the UPFC
position also greatly influences the trip boundaries of the distance relay.
Setting Point of Five Zones REL670ABB Distance Relay
and Time Delay

PSSE(DISTR1)
Zones Setting Point Time Delay/sec
Time Delay/sec
Zone 1 Forward %80 x ZL1 0 0
Zone 1B Forward %120 x ZL1 0.05 0
Zone 2 Forward %100 x ZL1 + %50 x ZL2 0.5 0.5
Zone 3 Forward %100 x ZL1 + %120 x ZL3 0.85 0.8
Zone 4 Forward %100 x ZL4 + %0 x ZL3 1 1
Zone 5 Reverse %100 x ZL3 + %100 x ZL4 1.2 1.35
Zone 1 Forward %80 x ZL1 0  0
Zone 1B  Forward %120 x ZL1 0.04  0
Zone 2 Forward %100 x ZL1 + %50 x ZL2 0.4  0.5
Zone 3 Forward %100 x ZL1 + %120 x ZL3  0.8 0.8
Zone 4 Forward %100 x ZL4 + %0 x ZL3  1.2 1
Zone 5 Reverse %100 x ZL3 + %100 x ZL4  1.5 1.35
Zone 1 Forward %80 x ZL1 0 0
Zone 1B Forward %120 x ZL1 0.02-0.05 0
Zone 2 Forward %100 x ZL1 + %50 x ZL2 0.4 - 0.5 0.5
Zone 3 Forward %100 x ZL1 + %120 x ZL3 0.8 - 1 0.8
Zone 4 Forward %100 x ZL4 + %0 x ZL3 1-2 1
Zone 5 Reverse %100 x ZL3 + %100 x ZL4 1-2 1.35
Three Phase Operate Times
Without FACTS Devices
svc
UPFC
 CONCLUSION
The effects of protection system for improving the
stability of Electrical Power System and finding the Critical Clearing Time
for the electrical system of KR network in various types of fault conditions.
Power system stability has been identified as a significant problem for secure
and reliable operation of a power grid. Many severe blackouts have been
triggered by system instability and unwanted operations of protective relays;
as results, new technologies and different forms of control techniques have
been developed to enhance transient stability. The focal points of this
dissertation are on developing to improve the angle stability of power system
while studying the dynamic performance of protective relays in power
systems under stress and analyzing the mis-operation condition of protective
relays.
 References
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& Sons.
 ANANTHAPADMANABHA, T., KULKARNI, A., PUJAR, M., PRADEEP, H. &
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113.
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 END

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