Section : Numerical Aptitude

Topic : Number system

Sub topic : Finding the unit digit

What is a Unit Digit?

Unit digit of a number is the digit which is in the ones place of a number. For example , the units digit of 243 is 3 ,
the units digit of 39 is 9.
If the power is a larger number then we should use cyclicity to find the unit digit.

Cyclicity:
When performing certain mathematical operations from the smaller value or smaller power we will be able to find a
specific pattern which will be followed. We need to crack the pattern and apply the rule based on the observed
pattern. This will be used to solve problems based on unit digit, tens digit, finding the remainder and pattern based
problems.
 Unit Digit Patterns

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Group 2 – 4,9
4^1 – 4 , 4^2 – 16 ,4^3 – 64 , 4^4 – 256….
Group 1 – 0,1,5,6 We can find a pattern we have 2 cycles.4 power odd
These numbers when raised to any power will number unit digit will always be 4, 4 power even
give the same unit digit. number unit digit will always be 6
For example: Same way for 9
0^121221 = 0 9^1 – 9, 9^2 – 81, 9^3 – 729,……..
1^ 12121212545 = 1 9 power odd number unit digit – 9 , 9 power even
5^ 787808 = 5 number the unit digit will be 1.
6^ 96385274 = 6
 Unit Digit Patterns
Group 3 – 2,3,7,8

2 3 7 8
2^1 – 2 3^1 – 3 7^1 – 7 8^1 – 8
2^2 - 4 3^2 - 9 7^2 - 49 8^2 - 64
2^3 - 8 3^3 - 27 7^3 - 343 8^3 - 512
2^4 - 16 3^4 - 81 7^4 - 2401 8^4 - …6
2^5 - 32 3^5 - 243 7^5 - …7 8^5 - …8
There are 4 There are 4 There are 4 There are 4
cycles cycles cycles cycles
2,4,8,6 3,9,7,1 7, 9 , 3, 1 8, 4 , 2, 6
 Unit Digit Patterns
Group 3 – 2,3,7,8
Since group 3 numbers have 4 cycles we cannot split it based on odd and even powers.
Since the value is repeating after 4 cycles we need to separate the multiple of 4 by dividing
the power by 4.
• If the power is exactly divisible by 4 then choose the 4th value of the corresponding
number.
• If it is not exactly divisible we will be getting remainders as 1,2 or 3.
• If the remainder is 1 choose 1st value.
• If the remainder is 2 choose the 2nd value.
• If the remainder is 3 choose the 3rd value.
 Unit Digit Patterns

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 9 6 9 4 1
8 7 3 2
6 1 1 6
 Unit Digit - examples
1. The rightmost non-zero digit of the number 302720 is:
Solution:
Since we need to find the non zero digit we need to find the unit digit of 3 2720
3 has 4 cycles so we need to divide the power by 4.
Since the power is exactly divisible by 4 .
34 Value will repeat .
So the answer is 1.
2. Find the units digit of the expression 111 + 122 + 133 + 144 + 155 + 166.
Solution:
11^1 – unit digit – 1
12^2 – unit digit – 4
13^3 – unit digit – 7
14^4 – unit digit -6 (4 power even unit digit-6)
15^5 – unit digit – 5
16^6 – unit digit – 6
Answer: 1+4+7+6+5+6 = 29 = unit digit 9
Section : Numerical Aptitude
Topic : Number system
Sub topic : Maximum power in a factorial

In this we will be seeing about

1. Maximum power in a factorial for a prime
number
2. Maximum power in a factorial for a
composite number
3. Finding the number of zeroes in a factorial.
Finding the maximum power in a factorial

Case 1:Finding the maximum power in a factorial of a prime number

Case 2:Finding the maximum power in a factorial of a composite number

Case 1:
Example: What is the maximum power of 7 in 2100!

7 2100
7 300
7 42 300+42+6 = 348
6
Case 2:
Example: What is the maximum power of 24 in 250!
24 is a composite number – so we should not directly go for ‘L’ division.
Steps:
1. Prime factorize
2. Choose the larger number including the powers and find the maximum power only for that particular
value .
24 = 3*8 =3* 23
since 23 is the largest number find the maximum power of 2 in 250!

2 250
2 125
2 62
2 31
2 15 125+62+31+15+7+3+1=244
2 7 there are 244 2’s in 250! Since we need 23
2 3 divide 244/3 = 81
1
Some commonly asked question:
How many zeroes are there in 150!
To get zero at the end it should be a multiple of 10. so the question is about the maximum power of 10 in 150!
10 is a composite number
Prime factorization = 2 * 5 . So we need to find maximum power of 5 in 150!

5 150
5 30
5 6 30+6+1 = 37 . No.of.Zeroes = 37
1
Section : Numerical Aptitude
Topic : Number system
Sub topic : Successive Division
 Successive division - examples

Division:

Quotient × Divisor + Remainder = Dividend

Successive Division:
In successive division each time the dividend
Changes based on the quotient obtained .
The quotient will be taken continuously
Divided by the divisors.
 Successive division - examples

Example: 540 is successively divided by 8, 6 and 4 what will their respective remainders?
Step 1: 540 when divided by 8 . 67
8 540
48
60
56
4 – Remainder
Step 2: Now 67 should be divided by 6 , Q – 11 Remainder – 1
Step 3: Now new dividend will be 11 , 11 when divided by 4 , Quotient – 2 Remainder – 3
So their respective remainders will be 4,1,3
 Successive division - examples

Example: A number when successively divided by 3, 4 and 9 leaves respective

remainders of 2, 3 and 7. What will be the remainders if the original number is
divided successively by 3, 5 and 7?

3 x
3 x
4 Y remainder-2
4 67 remainder-2 3 203
9 Z remainder- 3
9 16 remainder- 3 5 67 remainder-2
remainder - 7
1 remainder - 7 7 13 remainder- 2
1 remainder - 6
3 x 3 x 3 203
4 Y remainder-2 4 Y remainder-2 4 67 remainder-2
9 Z remainder- 3 9 16 remainder- 3 9 16 remainder- 3
1 remainder - 7 1 remainder - 7 1 remainder - 7
Section : Numerical Aptitude
Topic : Number system
Sub topic : Finding the factors

In this we will be seeing about

1.How to find total number of factors
2.Sum of all factors
3.Sum of even factors
4.Sum of odd factors
5.Product of factors
Find the total number of factors of 1728.

1. Prime factorization of 1728 = 26 * 33

2. (6+1) × (3+1) = 7×4 = 28

Find the total number of divisors of 10!

1. Prime factorization = 10×9×8×7×6×5×4×3×2×1 = 28× 34 × 52 ×71

2. (8+1) × (4+1) × (2+1) × (1+1) = 9 × 5 × 3 × 2 = 270
 Factors/sum of
factors/product of factors
Example:
Find the sum of divisors of 544 excluding 1 and 544.

Solution:
Prime Factorization: 25 * 171
Sum of Factors = (20 + 21 +22 + 23 + 24 + 25 ) * (170 + 171)
= (1+2+4+8+16+32)*(1+17)
= (63)*(18)
= 1134
Since we need to exclude 1 and 544 we need to subtract (1+544)
= 1134-545
= 589
 Factors/sum of
factors/product of factors
Example:
Find the sum of the sum of even divisors of 96 and the sum of odd divisors of 3600.

Solution:
Prime Factorization of 96 = 25 * 31
Prime Factorization of 3600 = 24 * 32 * 52
Sum of even Factors of 96
= ( 21 +22 + 23 + 24 + 25 ) * (30 + 31)
= (62)*(4)
= 248
Sum of odd Factors of 3600
(30 + 31 + 32 ) * (50 + 51 + 52) = 13* 31
= 403
Answer = 248+403
= 651
 Section : Numerical Aptitude
Topic : Number system
Sub topic : Divisibility Rules.

• Divisibility Rules for various Numbers with examples

• Remainder problems based on the divisibility rules
• Commonly asked problems under this particular topic in
Placements & other Competitive examinations.
 Divisibility Rules
Example:
A hundred and twenty digit number is formed by writing the first x natural numbers in front of each other as
12345678910111213.... Find the remainder when this number is divided by 8.
Solution:
We know the divisibility rule for 8 , just take last 3 digits and divide by 8
Here first we need to find the last three digits of a 120 digit number.
Single digit numbers 1-9 will fill first 9 digits, remaining 120-9 = 111 digits will be filled with two digit
numbers. 110 digits can be filling by accommodating 55 two digit numbers after 9 so it will go till 64 and
the next digit will be 5 ,which means the formation will be like
1234567891011………………………………………..63646.
646 when divided by 8 the remainder will be 6.
 HCF & LCM
What is the least number which when doubled will exactly be divisible by 12, 14, 18 and 22?
A. 2772 B. 1216 C. 1286 D. 1386

Solution:
Since the number has to be divisible by 12,14,18 and 22
LCM (12,14,18,22)
LCM = 2*3*2*7*3*11
= 2772
But the number when doubled should be exactly divisible by
(12,14,18,22)
So the number is 2772/2 = 1386
Option: D
 HCF & LCM
What is the least number which when divided by 5, 6, 7 and 8 leaves a remainder 3, but when divided by 9
leaves no remainder?
A. 1108 B. 1683 C. 2007 D. 3363

Solution:
The number leaves the same remainder in each case so we need to find the LCM of 5,6,7 and 8 and add the
remainder to it.
LCM of 5,6,7,8 = 2*5*3*7*4
= 840
Since it leaves same remainder add that to the LCM
= 840 + 3 = 843 (it is not divisible by 9)
So we need to consider next common multiple
= 840*2 + 3 = 1680+3
= 1683 (it is divisible by 9)
Answer = option (c)
 HCF & LCM
The least number which should be added to 28523 so that the sum is exactly divisible by 3, 5, 7 and 8 is:
A. 41 B. 42 C. 32 D. 37

Solution:
The number has to be exactly divisible by 3,5,7 and 8
So L.C.M(3,5,7,8) = 3*5*7*8 = 840
To find the number to be added to 28523 we need to divide
The number by 840

Remainder = 803
To make it a multiple of 840 we need 37 more. (840-803)
So the answer is option: D
 HCF & LCM
 4 logs of woods of length 5 a set of two carpenters to work on something. How many carpenters are there in
all to work.

 Solution:
4 woods length is converted into improper fractions
since we have to find the largest length as possible
HCF of () =
So divide all sizes by , we will get * + *

= 133 piece of wood

Each log is given to 2 carpenters so total carpenters = 133*2 = 266
 Section : Numerical Aptitude
Topic : Number system
Sub topic : Remainder Properties

• Basic Properties in Remainder based problems with

examples
• Negative Remainder based problems.
• Cyclicity based Remainder problems.
• Theorem based Remainder problems.
Note: Remainder should always be less than your divisor.
 Remainder Properties

  
 Remainder Properties
  
 Remainder Properties

Example:

When a number ‘N’ is divided by 11 the remainder is 5 , when the cube

of the number is divided by 11 what will be the remainder?
Solution:

= 5 × 5 × 5 = 125/11 = R(4)
 Remainder Properties

Concept of Negative Remainder:

Example:
What is the remainder when 63 × 64 × 65 is divided by 66?
Solution:

= (-6)/66.
So the answer will be 66-6 = 60 [If we get a negative remainder to
find the final answer we must subtract the value from the divisor].
 Remainder Properties

Examples: Find the remainder when 25^65 is divided by 9.

Solution :

Find the cyclicity for the particular pattern

There are 3 cycles so we need to divide the power by 3 if it exactly

divisible then the answer is 1 or check the remainder, here the
remainder is 2 means second value = 4
 Remainder Properties

One commonly made mistake in Remainder Properties:

When 2135 is divided by 28 what is the remainder?

15 when divided by 10 the remainder is 5 , but when you simplify 15/10 as 3/2
your remainder will become 1. Simplifying is not wrong but we need to follow
one more step.
After we found the remainder we need to multiply with all the value we have
canceled. Here we canceled with 5 so we need to multiply the final answer by 5
so answer will be 5 . Same way for the above question we divided both by 7 so to
get correct answer we need to multiply the value by 7.
So the answer should be = 3*7 = 21.
 Remainder
properties
Formulas Based Concepts for Remainder:
1. (an + bn) is divisible by (a + b), when n is odd.
2. (an - bn) is divisible by (a + b), when n is even.
3. (an - bn) is always divisible by (a - b), for every n.
1. 350+550 when divided by 34 what is the remainder?
925+2525 --- apply rule 1 , it will be divisible by 34 so remainder will
be zero.

2. 335620-125620 will be divisible by 45 (i.e 33+12).

3. 57109-32109 will be divisible by 25 (i.e 57-32).

Thank you