Hydraulic axial forces

acting on a Francis
runner
 F 6 F 1

F 8

F 5

D r

D 11

F 2

D p 
D 11 L

D 12L

D 12

D 2

D 2L
F 4

F 3 F 9 F 7
Hydraulic axial forces acting
on a Francis runner
F1 = Force from ring area
F2 = Reaction force from the absolute velocity
at the inlet.
F3 = Force due to the outlet pressure
F4 = Reaction force from the absolute velocity
at the outlet.
F5 = Force due to the pressure between
the top cover and the impeller
hub at the low pressure side of the
labyrinth sealing.
F6 = Force due to the pressure between the top
cover and the impeller hub at the high
pressure side of the labyrinth
sealing.
F7 = Force due to the pressure between the
lower cover and the impeller ring
at the high pressure side of the
labyrinth sealing
F8 = Force due to the pressure at the upper
labyrinth sealing
Force from ring area, F1
g 
F1  p1  A1 
2
  h11  h12    D12
4
2
 D11
2
 
F 6 F 1

F 8

F 5

D r

D 11

F 2

D p 
D 11 L

D 12L
D 12

D 2

D 2L
F 4

F 3 F 9 F 7
Reaction force from the absolute
velocity at the inlet, F2

F2    Q  C1m  sin  
F 6 F 1

F 8

F 5

D r

D 11

F 2

D p 
D 11 L

D 12L
D 12

D 2

D 2L
F 4

F 3 F 9 F 7
Force due to the outlet
pressure, F3
  D 22 L
F3  p 3  A 3    g  h 2 
4
F 6 F 1

F 8

F 5

D r

D 11

F 2

D p 
D 11 L

D 12L
D 12

D 2

D 2L
F 4

F 3 F 9 F 7
Reaction force from the absolute
velocity at the outlet, F4

F4    Q  C 2 m
F 6 F 1

F 8

F 5

D r

D 11

F 2

D p 
D 11 L

D 12L
D 12

D 2

D 2L
F 4

F 3 F 9 F 7
 Force due to the pressure between the
top cover and the impeller hub at the
low pressure side of the labyrinth
sealing, F5.

 
F5    g    h p   rp  ri     g      rp  ri 
2 2
2 2 k 2 2 2

4g
where:
hp = pressure of the cooling water for the
generator  25 meter water colomn
hp will have another pressure if the water is not
F F
used for cooling. 6 1

k = 0,50 – 0,55 F 8

rp = Dp/2 F 5

ri = Dr/2 D r

D 11

F 2

D p 
D 11 L

D 12L
D 12
Force due to the pressure between the
top cover and the impeller hub at the
high pressure side of the labyrinth
sealing, F6.
  
F6    g   h 11   D11   
2 2
k 2
2
 D 11
2
L       D 2
11  r 2
11 L
4 64

F 6 F 1

F 8

F 5

D r

D 11

F 2

D p 
D 11 L

D 12L

D 12
 Force due to the pressure between the
lower cover and the impeller ring at the
high pressure side of the labyrinth
sealing, F7.
  
F7    g   h 12   D122  D12   
2 2
k 2
2
L       D 2
12  D 2
12 L
4 64
F 6 F 1

F 8

F 5

D r

D 11

F 2

D p 
D 11 L

D 12L

D 12

D 2

D 2L

F 4

F 3 F 9 F 7
 Force due to the pressure at
the upper labyrinth sealing. F8.

h 11 L  h p 2
D 11 L  D 2
p
F8  p 8  A 8    g  
2 4

where the pressure at the high pressure side of the

labyrinth sealing is:
k 2  2 2
F
F F
h 11 L  h 11 
2g
  r11  r11 L 
2
8
6 1

F 5

D r

D 11

F 2

D p 
D 11 L

D 12L

D 12

D 2

D 2L
F 4

F 3 F 9 F 7
 Force due to the pressure at
the lower labyrinth sealing. F9.

h 12 L  h S 2
D 12  D 2
F9  p 9  A 9    g   L 2L

2 4
where the pressure the high pressure side of the
labyrinth sealing is:
k 2  2 2
F F h 12 L  h 12    r12  r122 L  6 1

F
2g 8

F 5
and hs = pressure head at
D r

the draft tube inlet

D 11

F 2

D p 
D 11 L

D 12L
D 12

D 2

D 2L
F 4

F 3 F 9 F 7