JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

“RELAY COORDINATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM”

2020-2021
Group No.30

Submitted by-
Ashish Dwivedi(1709120030) Group Leader
Anand Pratap Singh(1709120020)
Vishal Yadav(1709120120)
Fozia Shafi(1809120904)
 
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Rajesh Kumar
(Assistant Professor)
Electrical Engineering Department
 
 Introduction
• The most obvious effect of a shunt fault is a sudden buildup of current. So it
is natural that the magnitude of current be utilized as positive indication of
existence of a fault. Therefore the over-current protection is the most widely
used form of protection.
• A relay must get sufficient chance to protect the zone under its primary
protection. Only if the primary protection does not clear the fault, the back-
up protection should initiate tripping.
• Each relay in the system needs to be coordinated with the relay protecting
the adjacent equipment. If backup protections are not well coordinated, mal-
operation can occur and, therefore, OC relay coordination is a major concern
of power system protection.
• In a system where there is a source at more than one of the line terminals,
fault and load current can flow in either direction. Relays protecting the lines
are, therefore, subject to fault currents flowing in both the directions.
• Non directional OC relays were used in such system, they would have to be
coordinated with, not only the relays at the remote end of the line, but also
with relays behind them.
 Objective
• To achieve selectivity without loosening sensitivity and quick
fault clearance time.
• To find an optimum relays setting to minimize the time of
operation of relays and at the same time ,to avoid the
maloperation of relays.
• To analyze the short circuit and protection relaying
coordination.
• To design of overcurrent relaying scheme to operate the relay
quickly and disconnect the faulty section from healthy section.
 Literature Survey
• The first accepted establishment of the use of windmills
was in the tenth century in Persia.
• In Europe, wind energy made its appearance in the 11th
century A. D. Wind machines were introduced from the
Middle East.
• By the 14th century, the Dutch used windmill widely for
draining the marshes and lakes of the Rhine River delta.
• The wind turbines in USA during the 19th century to
until 1930 were mainly used for irrigation.
• The first attempt to generate electricity was made at the
end of 19th century.
• In 1931 Georges Jean Marie Darrieus, French
aeronautical engineer designed one of the most famous
and common type of VAWT i.e. Darrieus VAWT.
• Finnish engineer Sigurd Johannes Savonius developed the
modern drag-driven rotor in the 1920s but Johann Ernst
Elias Bessler (born 1680) was the first to attempt to build
a horizontal windmill of the Savonius type in the town of
Furstenberg in Germany in 1745.
• Chinese developers have unveiled the world’s first
permanent magnetic levitation wind power generator at
the Wind Power Asia Exhibition 2006 in Beijing.
• The generator was jointly developed by Guangzhou
Energy Research Institute under China’s Academy of
Sciences.
 We’ve found some proposed literature survey given
below:
• Vishal D Dhareppagol et al. [1] proposed this new model of wind
turbine uses magnetic levitation to reduce the internal friction of the rotor
which is considered as a revolution in the field of wind technology,
producing 20% more energy than a conventional turbine, at the same time
decreasing operational costs by 50% over the traditional wind turbine.
• Minu John et al. [2] proposed Magnetic pressure is used to counteract
the effects of the gravitational and any other accelerations. The principal
advantage of a maglev windmill from a conventional one is, as the rotor is
floating in the air due to levitation, mechanical friction is totally
eliminated.
• Richard D. Thornton et.al. [4] Proposed Maglev has the potential to be
more efficient and affordable than alternative technologies for many
transportation applications. The keys to reducing energy intensity are to
use light vehicles with low aerodynamic drag, use a linear synchronous
motor that is excited in short sections, and operate with a dynamic
schedule that achieves a high load factor.
• Pankaj R Amratan Ingle et.al. [5] focused on the implementation of
maglev principle on vertical axis wind turbine so as to use in not only
for industrial purposes but also every home can be use renewable
energy to en light their lives and to become a part of healthy society to
live in a beautiful , pollution free environment.
• Nianxian Wang et.al. [6] Proposed Maglev wind turbine generator
(MWTG) technology has been widely studied due to its low loss, low
maintenance cost, and high reliability. However, the dynamics of the
magnetic bearing system differ from the traditional mechanical bearing
system. A horizontal axial MWTG supported with a permanent
magnetic bearing is designed in this research and the radial forces and
the natural frequencies of the rotor system are studied.
Why we choose vertical axis wind turbine
over horizontal wind turbine?

• Works at a lower wind speed.

• Wind direction doesn’t matter.

 Magnetic levitation
• Method by which an object is suspended with no support other
than magnetic fields.
• Magnetic pressure is used to counteract the effects of the
gravitational and any other accelerations.
 Advantages
• Used as a kind of safety switch to allow a circuit with a
small current through to switch on a circuit that will have
a larger current flow through it.
• Minimize the amount of damage to the system during a
fault.
• Relay coordination  is an important aspect in the
protection system design as coordination schemes must
guarantee fast, selective and reliable relay operation to
isolate the power system faulted sections.
• Small control signal controls a larger load current or
voltage.
How Maglev Wind Turbine Works?

1.Wind turbines essentially work the same way

with minor modifications depending on size and
configuration.
2.In this type, the emf is induced in the coil by
magnetic effect which is further converted to
produce power.
3.The principle of magnetic levitation is the basic
principle used in this turbine to generate power.
 System diagram
Principle of Magnetic Levitation
Turbine blades
working
Basic model
 Formula used
Power =1/2(air density*A(V^3))
Pw= 1/2 (air density*D*H*(V^3))
where, air density=1.225kg/m^3
area(A)= swept area of turbine blades
velocity(V)= wind speed in m/s
TSR (tip speed ratio)= tip speed of blade/wind speed
TSR= ꞷ*R/V
where, TSR inversely depends on the wind speed
Application areas for maglev wind turbines
• Suitable for the application in urban areas to provide green
energy, effective utilization in street / domestic lightning and
domestic appliances.
• Can be used in remote places where conventional power
supply is uneconomic.
• Hybrid power generation.
• Developed power can be optimized both in AC and DC, with
the inclusion of inverter.
• This can be easily setup on rooftops, on the dividers on the
roads and so the power generated can be used for domestic
applications, street lightings etc.
 Conclusion
• The concept of vertical axis wind turbine using magnetic
levitation successfully worked.
• This modern design of turbine gives more power output with
higher efficiency.
• A single maglev wind turbine is economical compared to
conventional turbine.
• A single maglev wind turbine is capable supplying power to
7.5 lakhs homes which is greater than standard windmill.
 Future scope
• With the increasing loads, voltages, short circuit duty of
substation feeders, distribution overcurrent protection has
become more important today. Power system that have
evolved in 20th century consists of generation plant,
transmission facilities, distribution lines and customer loads
all connected to complex electrical network.
 Recent developments
• World’s largest production site for maglev wind turbines, China.
• Zhongke Hengyuan Energy Technology has invested 400 million Yuan in
building this facility, which will produce maglev wind turbines with
capacities ranging from 400 to 5000 watts.
• In the US, Arizona based Maglev wind Turbine Technologies will be
manufacturing these turbines.
• Equatorial region countries- less wind speed (Malaysia, Singapore) Small
Maglev wind turbine generation of power.
• Prerana Energy corporation private limited in India is exploring
opportunities to set up “MAGLEV the super powered Magnetic wind
turbine”.
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Thank you