PRINCIPLES OF AQUACULTURE

(AKU3201)

Yuzine b. Esa, PhD

 2

Contact details

• Email: yuzine@upm.edu.my
• Mobile phone: 01155055129
 Assessment
• Mid Sem Exam 30%
• Assignments 20%
• Lab report 20%
• Final Exam 30%
• Introduction
• History
• Aquaculture status in Malaysia, ASEAN
countries & global
• Importance, problems & technologies of
aquaculture
• Aquaculture: Farming/culture of different aquatic organisms
including animals & plants in controlled or
semi-controlled environment
What is aquaculture?
 Aquaculture

• Rearing/Farming of aquatic organisms in

controlled or semi-controlled environment for
the production purposes
• Aquaculture = Culture Fisheries

Other fisheries:
1) Capture fisheries
2) Recreational fisheries
3) Ornamental fisheries
 Aquaculture
1) Type of aquatic organisms
Animals & plants
2) Environment
Freshwater, brackishwater, saltwater
3) Type of culture techniques or systems
Pond, raceway, cage, pen, raft
4) Specific character of environment
Cold-water, warm-water, upland, inland, coastal,
estuarine
Aquaculture involves:

• Hatching/breeding (Hatchery)
• Production (Grow-out)
 Type of water for aquaculture

1) Freshwater ( < 0.5 ppt)

2) Brackish water (0.5 – 30 ppt)
3) Salt water (> 30 ppt)

What is ppt?
Fishes
Ornamental fishes
Molluscs
Crustaceans
Other animals
Plants
 27

History
• Started in China (~500 BC)
• Fan Li – Chinese Politician
• Book : ‘The classic of fish culture’
 History of Aquaculture in Malaysia

• Began in the 1920’s with extensive polyculture in ex-mining

pools of introduced Chinese carps, mainly the bighead carp,
silver carp and grass carp
• In the mid 1930’s, marine shrimp trapping ponds were first
developed in Johore
• In the early 1940’s, the culture of blood cockles (Anadara
granosa) began.
• This was followed in the mid 1950’s by the extensive
culture of freshwater fish in earthen ponds.
 History of Aquaculture in Malaysia
• Most of the carps which are cultured, such as the
Chinese carps, Javanese carps and the Indian carps,
were introduced by the British in the early 1950’s.
• However, Indian carps did not last long as they
compete with the Chinese carps and their
appearance is inferior to that of the Chinese carps.
 History of Aquaculture in Malaysia
• In the early 1970’s, great changes in aquaculture
began to take place, when the semi-intensive culture
of shrimp was developed in Johore.
• Shrimp culture was characterized by very low
stocking density combined with pond fertilization.
 History of Aquaculture in Malaysia
• During the same period, floating net cage culture of
marine fish, mainly the green grouper (Epinephelus
coioides), began to take place, followed by the raft
culture of green mussels.
 History of Aquaculture in Malaysia
• By the early 1990’s, aquaculture activities
were further enhanced with the introduction of
intensive commercial aquaculture with very
high stocking density and complete
dependence on supplementary feeding.
 History of Aquaculture in Malaysia
• Commercial aquaculture was made possible
through the establishment of government and
privately owned fish and shrimp hatcheries,
which started in the 1980’s.
• The setting up of private feed mills in the
1980’s also contributed to the
commercialization of aquaculture.
Aquaculture- Global status
Source: FAO (2010)

Aquaculture: rapidly growing business!

Need additional 27 million tonnes by 2030
35
• Annual growth production rate:
1) Aquaculture 8.9%
2) Capture fisheries 1.2%
3) Terrestrial farmed meat 2.8%
Aquaculture- Global status
Source: FAO (2010)
38
Aquaculture- Global status
Source: FAO (2010)
 Aquaculture - ASEAN
• Major share to global food fish supply
• Top ranked producers (volume & value)
- China
- India - Philippines
- Indonesia - Myanmar
- Thailand - Vietnam
- Bangladesh - Malaysia?
 Aquaculture - Malaysia
• 1920s – (Chinese carp began farming)
• Polyculture of different Chinese carps
• 1930s- Breeding fish in rice fields, Marine
shrimp ponds
• 1940s – Blood cockles
• 1950s – extensive culture of freshwater fish
• 1970s &1980s – big changes in aquaculture
 Aquaculture - Malaysia
• Main authorities
- Ministry of Agriculture & Food Industry
(MAFI)
- Department of Fisheries
- Eleventh Malaysia Plan (RMK-11)
National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs):
Agriculture
-Dasar Agromakanan Negara 2.0
 Aquaculture - Malaysia
• 3rd National Agriculture Policy
- Promote sustainable aquaculture development
- Aim to increase aquaculture production
 Aquaculture – Malaysia
Aquaculture Industrial Zone (ZIA)
-Zoning land & coastal areas suitable for
aquaculture)
- ~30,000 ha in different states
-Aquaculturist income minimum
RM3,000/month
-High quality aquaculture products
 Status of Aquaculture
• Aquaculture facts

- The highest production = shellfish (cockles)

- The highest value = marine shrimp
• WHY IS AQUACULTURE IMPORTANT TO
HUMAN?
• 3 main reasons:

1) Provides variety of products & material

2) Provides employment (22,000 fish farmers)
3) Provides income & economic returns
 Importance of aquaculture
• Food (protein, essential nutrients, minerals)
• Good source of income
• Potential export earner
• Food security
• Other products – agar, carragenan
• Pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical
 52

• FCR = Mass of food eaten/body mass gain

• Low FCR = Efficient users of feed

Haiwan FCR
(g makanan/g daging)

Ikan 1.1-1.5
Lembu 7.7
Ayam 2.1
Babi 3.2
 Technologies in Aquaculture
• Simple to complex high technologies
a) Techniques (live feed, induced breeding, etc.,)
b) Systems (Pond, RAS etc.,)
c) Biotechnology (Disease diagnostic etc.,)
d) Engineering (Design & construction of production
facilities)
e) Feed Technology (Ingredient, Processing)
 Problems in aquaculture
• Lack of skilled labour
• Environmental issues – pollution, climate
• Land & water resources
• Feed (Fish meal, fish oil)
• Diseases
• Food safety & quality
• Seed production (High quality)