Carbon

and
its Compounds
Class- X
 3

Compounds of Carbon
 
 Compounds of Carbon

Hydrocarbons
Compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen
only, are known as hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons can be further classified into two
types-
1. Saturated Hydrocarbons
2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
 Saturated Hydrocarbons
•  
 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
 
 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

 
Formulae and structures of saturated
compounds of carbon and hydrogen
Name Formula Structure

Methane

Ethane

Propane
 Formulae and structures of unsaturated
compounds of carbon and hydrogen
Name of Hydrocarbon Molecular Formula Structural Formula

Alkenes:

1. Ethene

2. Propene

3. Butane
 10

Formulae and Structures of Unsaturated

Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen
Name of Hydrocarbon Molecular Formula Structural Formula

Alkynes:

1. Ethyne

2. Propyne

3. Butyne
 11

Isomers
The organic compounds which have the same molecular formula but
different structures are called ‘Isomers’.

Note: At least 4 carbon atoms are required for hydrocarbons to show

Isomerism.
 Isomers of Different Alkanes
Compound Structure No. of
Isomers
Compound Structure No. of
Isomers
 Cyclic Carbon Compounds
• When a series of atoms is connected to form a loop or ring. It is
called cyclic structure.
• When carbon atoms are connected in ring form, such
hydrocarbon atoms are called cyclic hydrocarbon.
• A cycloalkane is a cyclic hydrocarbon in which all of the carbon-
carbon bonds are single bonds.
• If a simple straight alkane is converted to a cycloalkane, two
hydrogen atoms, one from each end of the chain, must be lost.
Hence the general formula for a cycloalkane composed of n
carbons is CnH2n.
 Cyclic Carbon Compounds

Note: Butene, and cyclobutane have same molecular formula C 4H8, but
different structural formulae so they are called structural isomers.
 Benzene
• Benzene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H6.
• It is a six carbon ring hydrocarbon in which carbon atoms are
joined by alternating double and single bonds.
• Sometimes a circle is used inside the hexagon as an alternative to
represent the six pi electrons.
 Homologous Series
 

Homologous series of Homologous series of Homologous series of

Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes
 Characteristics of Homologous Series
 
 Functional groups in carbon compounds
• In hydrocarbon chain, one or more hydrogen atom is replaced by
other atoms in accordance with their valences. These are
heteroatom.
• These heteroatom or group of atoms which make carbon
compound reactive and decides it properties are called functional
groups.
 Functional groups in carbon compounds

1. Halogen Group (X = F, Cl, Br, I):

• When any halogen group is attached to alkanes, they form
haloalkanes.
• For example:
CH3–Cl Chloromethane
CH3–CH2–Br Bromoethane
CH3–CH2–CH2–lIodopropane

• General Formula: CnH2n+1X

 Functional groups in carbon compounds
2. Alcohol (–OH): –OH is called Hydroxyl group.
• When a hydroxyl group is attached with carbon backbone (like
alkanes), they are named as alcohol.

• For example:
CH3–OH Methanol
CH3–CH2–OH Ethanol
CH3–CH2–CH2–OH Propanol
CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–OH Butanol

• General Formula: CnH2n+2O

 Functional groups in carbon compounds
3. Aldehyde (–CHO):
• When an aldehyde group is attached with alkyl group.
• For example:
• General Formula: CnH2nO

Ethanal

Propanal

Butanal
 Functional groups in carbon compounds
4. Ketone (–CO):
• In a ketone, the carbonyl carbon is doubly-bonded to an
oxygen, and single bonded to two alkyl groups.
• Both groups should be alkyl groups. If either of the group
or both groups are ‘‘H’’, it becomes an aldehyde.
• For example:

• General Formula: CnH2nO

 Functional groups in carbon compounds
5. Carboxylic Acid (–COOH)
• In Carboxylic acid, a carbon (C) atom is attached to an oxygen
(O) atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group (–OH) by a
single bond.
• The forth bond links carbon atom with hydrogen atom or with
any alkyl group.
• General Formula: CnH2nO2

For example:
 IUPAC Naming of Compound
 
IUPAC Naming of Compound
 IUPAC Naming of Compound

Structure Name

1
2

4 Butane
Butene
Butyne

5 Pentane
Pentene
Pentyne
 Functional groups in carbon compounds

S. No. Functional Structure Prefix Suffix

group
 Naming When Functional Group Is Present
Functional Prefix/suffix Name
group

Prefix
(chloro-, bromo-, Chloro + Propane
etc) Chloropropane
 Naming When Functional Group Is Present
Functional Prefix/suffix Name
group
 IUPAC Naming

Question-Write the IUPAC name of following compounds:

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH Pentanoic acid

Pent+ane+oic acid

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHO Hexanal
Hex+ane+al

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH=CH2 Pentene
Pent + ene
 IUPAC Naming
Question-Write the IUPAC name of following compounds:

2-Pentene

3-Chloropentane
 Uses of hydrocarbons
Uses of methane:
• It is used as a fuel (CNG).
• Used for producing carbon black.
• Used for producing many organic compounds like
formaldehyde, chloroform, methanol etc.
• Mixed with butane to make LPG.
• Used for electricity generation.

Uses of ethane:
• It is used as a fuel.
• It is used for welding purpose.
• It is used for preparation of ethyl chloride, nitroethane,
polythene, polyester, PVC etc.
 Uses of hydrocarbons
Uses of propane:
• It is used as a fuel.
• It is used for cooling purpose (refrigerant).
• It is used to fill lighter.

Uses of butane:
• It is used as a fuel (LPG).
• Used as raw material for making synthetic rubber.
• It is used in lighters.
• It is also used as a refrigerant.
 Types of Alcohols

Alcohol

Monohydric
Dihydric alcohol Trihydric alcohol
alcohol

Methanol Ethanol
Glycerol
 Uses of Alcohols
Uses of methanol:
• Used in rocket fuels
• Used as solvent for paints, varnish etc.
• Used for making acetic acid, formaldehyde, medicines,
perfumes, synthetic fibres, polymers etc.

Uses of ethanol:
• Used in alcoholic beverages
• Used as solvent for perfumes, dyes, drugs, tincture etc
• Used for preserving biological specimens
• Used as a fuel for automobiles and also as gasoline additive
• Used as an antiseptic and disinfectant
• Used in thermometers
 Uses of Alcohols
Uses of Glycerol (Propane-1,2,3-triol):

• Used in sweetener in foods and beverages

• Used in cosmetics, lotions, soaps, hair gels, moisturizers etc.
• Used for making explosives (glyceryl trinitrate)
• Used in non-drying inks and stamp pads
• Used in treatment of glaucoma.
• Used as a preservative