Professional Documents
Culture Documents
hexane
2,3-dimethylbutane
3-methylpentane
15 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Positional isomerism
In positional isomers, the functional group is attached to
a different carbon atom.
3-chloropentane
hex-1-ene
For example,
hexene has
several positional
isomers, all with hex-2-ene
the molecular
formula C6H12:
hex-3-ene
is not the
same as
cis-but-2-ene trans-but-2-ene
cis-1,2-dichloroethene trans-1,2-dichloroethene
22 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Limitations of cis–trans isomerism
In more complex organic compounds, in which multiple
hydrogens have been substituted by different groups,
isomers cannot be defined using the cis–trans notation.
pentane: 2-methylbutane:
straight chain branched chain
The naming of alkanes depends on whether they are
straight or branched.
For example:
For example:
propane + oxygen → carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide
+ water
C3H8(g) + 4O2(g) → 2CO(g) + CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Nitrogen dioxide gas reacts with rain water to form nitric acid
and nitrous acid, which contributes to acid rain:
but-1-ene but-2-ene
E-pent-2-ene Z-pent-2-ene
bond are repelled towards B.
The lone pair of electrons on the B- ion
are attracted towards the positively-
charged carbon in the carbocation,
causing B to bond to it.
C2H4 + H2 C2H6
increasing stability
plastic bags