m


 
mforce of attraction that results from valence electrons
being shared between two nuclei of atoms

mMost commonly forms between nonmetals atoms

mIf the total attraction energy exceeds the internuclear

repulsion, there will be a net bonding effect and the
molecule will be stable.
V 

m the number of electrons pairs being shared by any pair
of bonded atoms
m number of covalent bonds an atom can form = number
of additional electrons it can attract
m single covalent bond - two atoms share one pair of
valence electrons.
m double covalent bond - two atoms share two pairs of
valence electrons.
m triple covalent bond - two atoms share three pairs of
valence electrons.
V 

m measure of the degree of inequality in the sharing of
electrons in a chemical bond.
m nonpolar covalent bond - equal sharing of electrons
between two atoms with equal electronegativity.
H H

m polar covalent - unequal sharing of electrons between

two atoms with different electronegativities.
H
the atom with higher electronegativity Br
Ɉ+
Ɉ-
acquire a partial -ve charge and atom with
less electronegativity have a partial +ve charge
 ô


m he extent of polarity in such covalent molecules can
be described by the term Dipole moment.
ô
 
  
ô 
  

m a vector quantity, is represented by a small arrow with

tail at the positive centre and head pointing towards a
negative centre.

m Measured in unit Debye D

3
 
  
 

  

 

 



  




3
 
  
 
 
  
 
 


 



  

  


V 

m he internuclear distance at which the potential
energy minimum occurs.

V 


m bond enthalpy/bond strength
m energy required to overcome attraction between
bonded nuclei and shared electrons
m defined as the standard enthalpy change for breaking
the bond in 1 mol of gaseous molecules.
m Always negative (bond breakage is endothermic)


  
 

 
  



mhe greater the bond order, the

stronger the bond (higher bond
energy), the smaller the bond length.
 Ô

¦

   

M
    

 

    

  

Ã

ÃH3
ÃP 3
ÃI 
1) In covalent bonding, electron distribution
may or may not be symmetrical and the
electron pair may or may not be equally
shared. he sharing results from the
difference in electronegativity between the
bonded atoms. When the electronegativity
difference exceed 1.7, ionic compound will
be formed as the higher electronegative
atom have enough ability to attract electrons
from the less electronegative atom.
 or the bonded atoms which have same
electronegativity, there are no
accumulations of electron at one side of
atom. he electrons are evenly distributed
and shared equally. he product formed is
non polar compound. or the bonded atoms
which have different electronegativity and
the difference does not exceed 1.7, the atom
with the higher electronegativity will attract
the bonding electrons closer to itself. As a
result the electron distribution will be
unequal and a bond dipole moment will be
formed.
M) 
, because it is symmetrical and
the individual bond dipole
moments cancel out.