LEVELS OF

MEASUREMENT AND
METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
Do you believe that:
“Students who eat a healthy breakfast
will do best on a quiz, students who
eat an unhealthy breakfast will get an
average performance, and students
who do not eat anything for breakfast
will do the worst on a quiz”
 What to do?
• Let’s check its validity through a
statistical process.
• What are the steps in the statistical
process?
Plan or Design
Collect the data
Verify the data
Summarize the data
Examine the summary
What to do?

YES NO

HEALTHY UNHEALTHY 0-5 6-8 9-12

0-5 6-8 9-12 0-5 6-8 8-12

TAKE NOTE:
• As we d e s c r ib e t h e d a ta
r o c e s s t o v e r if y t h e
collection p
t h e s t a t e m e n t , t he r e
validity of
is also a n e e d to in c lu d e t h e
levels of m e a s u r e m e n t f o r
the varia b le s o f in t e r e st .
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• There ar e F O U R le v e l s o f
measurement:
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
l ev e l o f m e a s u r e m e n t
• Nominal t
e h a ve v a ria b le s t h a
arises when w r i c
c a l a n d n o n - n u m e
are categori
e n u m b e r s h a ve n o
or where th
sense of ordering.
o f b a s k e tb a ll p la y e rs ,
• Ex: numbers
l s ta tu s, a n s w e rs t o t he
sex, marita
ques tio n “ D id y o u e a t y o u r
breakfast today?”
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• Ordin a l l e v e l a ls o d e a ls w it h
ia b le s li k e t h e n o m in a l
categorical var
t in th is le v e l o r d e r in g is
level, bu h e
h a t is th e v a lu e s o f t
important, t o in t)
r a n k e d . ( n o 0 p
variable could be
k in g , th o s e w h o e a t
• Ex: class ran
d u n h e a lt h y b re a k fa s t,
healthy an s in a n
s , d iffic u lt y o f it e m
economic statu
exam, r a nk in a c o n t e s t , a n d
perce p ti o n s in L ik e rt sc a le
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
le v e l te ll s u s t h a t o n e
• Interval t
y a c e r t a in a m o u n
unit differs b
o m a n o t h e r u n it .
of degree fr
h ow m u c h o n e u n it
• Knowing
differs f r o m a n o t h e r is a n
o p e r ty of t h e in t er v a l
additional pr ie s
v in g th e p ro p e rt
level on top of ha
posse s b y th e o rd in a l le v e l.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
e a s u rin g te m p e ra t u re in
• Ex: When m th e
r e e d iff e re n c e h a s
Celsius, a 10 deg e
a n y w h e r e a lo n g th
same meaning a n d
if fe re n c e b e tw e e n 1 0
scale – the d
C e ls iu s is t h e s a m e a s
20 degree u t, w e
9 0 c e n tig ra d e . B
between 80 and s is
a t 8 0 d e g r e e s C e ls iu
cannot say th s s in c e
d e g r e e s C e ls iu
twice as hot as 40
t r u e z e r o , b u t o n ly a n
there is no
arbitrary zero point.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• A measure m e n t o f 0 d e g re e s
o t r e f le ct a tr u e " lac k
Celsius does n a le
e ." T h u s , C e ls iu s s c
of temperatur
is in interval level.
• Other ex a m p le o f a v a r ia b le
measu re at th e in te rv a l is t h e
Q u o tie n t ( I Q ) o f a
Intelligence
person.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
ll n o t o n ly w h ic h p e r s on
• We can te
h e r in I Q b u t a lso h o w
ranks hig
h e o r s h e r a n ks w it h
much higher a n
IQ d o es n o t m e
another, but zero
no intelligence.
als o b e c la s s ified
• The students could
e d ac c or d in g to t h e ir IQ
or categoriz
level.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTit has
t e lls u s th a t o n e u n
• Ratio level also p e rt y
a s m u c h o f th e p r o
so many times
as does another unit.
l p o s s e s s e s a m e a n in g fu l
• The ratio leve e , fix e d
r b itr a ry ) a b s o lu t
(unique and non-a ic
a n d a llo w s a ll a rit h m e t
zero point
operations.
th e z e ro p o in t is t h e o n ly
• The existence of a l le v e l
a tio a n d in te rv
difference between r
of measurement.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTand
e ig h ts , w e ig h ts , e n e rg y
• Ex: mass, h
electric charge.
m p le , th e d iffe re n c e
• With mass as an exa s is 1 5
a n d 1 3 5 g ra m
between 120 grams e n ce
is is th e s a m e d iff e r
grams, and th s .
g r a m s a n d 3 9 5 g r a m
between 380
g iv e n p o in t is c o n st a n t,
• The level at any
s u re m e n t o f 0 re fle c t s a
and a mea
com p lete la ck o f m a ss .
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
n e y is a ls o a t th e r a tio
• Amount of mo
level.
a t 2 0 0 0 p es o s is tw ic e
• We can say th ,
0 0 0 p e s o s . In a d d itio n
more than 1, u
tru e z e r o p o in t : if y o
money has a
m on e y, th is im plie s th e
have zero
absence of money.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
o n t h e va li d it y o f t h e
• For the study
e n t re g a r din g e f f e c t o f
statem th e
o l p e r f o r m a n c e ,
breakfast on scho
stude n t’s sc o r e in th e q u iz is
measured a t t h e ra t io le v e l.
z e r o im p lie s th a t t h e
• A score of r
g e t a c o r r e c t a n sw e
student did not
at all.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
VARIABLES LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
Class Student Number Nominal
Sex Nominal
Number of Siblings Ratio
Wight (in kg) Ratio
Height (in cm) Ratio
Age of Mother Ratio
Usual Daily Allowance in School (in pesos) Ratio
Usual Daily Food Expenditure in School (in pesos) Ratio
Usual Number of Text Messages Sent in a Day Ratio
Usual Sleeping Time Nominal
Most Preferred Color Nominal
Happiness Index for the Day Ordinal
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
M E T H O D u s e s a n y o r
• OBJECTIVE
n o f t h e f iv e se n s e s t o
combinatio
measure a variable.
E T H O D o b ta in s d a ta by
• SUBJECTIVE M
getting r es po n s e s t h r o u g h a
questionnaire.
s u b j e c ti ve m e th o d s
• The objective and
d a ta d ir e ctl y fro m t h e
obtained the A TA .
lle d , P R I M A R Y D
source. Thus, ca
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Y DA T A a r e o b ta in e d
• SECONDAR d s
o f ex is t i n g r e c o r
through the use fo r
d b y o th e r e n tit ie s
or data collecte
certain purposes
y o u u s e a s u rv e y re s u lt
• Ex: When
S A , y o u a r e u s in g a
from SWS or P
tain e d b y o th e r e n t it y .
data ob
K N O W LE D G E M E N T IS
• NOTE: AC
IMPORTANT
 ASSESSMENT:
A. Identify the level of measurement for each
of the following variables:
LEVEL OF
VARIABLES
MEASUREMENT
Highest educational attainment Ordinal
Predominant hair color Nominal
Body temperature Interval
Civil status Nominal
Brand of laundry soap used Nominal
Total household expenditures last month in pesos Ratio
Number of children in a household Ratio
Amount spent on rice last week by the household Ratio
Distance travelled by the teacher in going to school Ratio
Time (in hours) consumed on Facebook on a particular day Ratio
 ASSESSMENT:
B. In the following, identify the data collection method used
and the type of resulting data.
1. The website of Philippine Airlines provides a questionnaire
instrument that can be answered electronically. 1. Subjective
Primary
2. The latest series of the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
generated by the Philippine Statistics Authority was
2. Use of existing records
downloaded from PSA website. Secondary
3. A reporter recorded the number of minutes to travel from
one end to another of the Metro Manila Rail Transit (MRT)
3. Objective 4. Objective
during peak and off-peak hours. Primary Primary
4. Students getting the height of the plants using a meter stick.
5. PSA enumerator conducting the Labor Force Survey goes
around the country to interview household head on
employment-related variables. 5. Subjective
Primary