Testament

1: Minor Prophets
• BC 605 – BC 535: Exile in Bablion
• Obadiah (Servant of Lord)
• 13 Obadiahs mentioned in Bible
• Written after BC 586 (Mentioned Edomites were happy when Nebuchanezar defeated
Jerusalem)
• Contains only 21 verses

Two Important Messages

1: God will struck down Edom 2: God will lift Israel
-Edomites descended from Esau -Prophesised Israel will be redeemed
-Later known as Idumeans one day and occupy ancestorial land
-King Herod was an Idumean
-Rejoiced at downfall of brother Vision of Christ
-No knowledge of Edom after Judge of all Nation
Titus destroyed Jerusalem in AD70 Redeemer of Israel
-Destruction of Edom was complete Everlasting King
2: Post exile prophets (after BC 535)
• Israel was captive in Babylone from 605 –
535 BC
• King Cyrus gave freedom and Zerubabel
led them
• People returned with wealth, but not
interested in temple or worship. They
built homes and farms.

• Haggai and Zechariah rose during this

period
2: Haggai
• Started prophecy in BC 522
• Haggai was a jew who returned by exile
• King Cyrus sent them to built temple, but they
focused on houses and land
• But harvests were bad, weather not good
• Lord chose Haggai to speak to Zerubabel and high
priest Joshua

Vision about Christ

• No direct reference
• Portrays Messiah in Zerubabel
• Zerubabel is center point in geneology of Jesus

Thus says the Lord of hosts: These people say the time has not yet come to rebuild the
Lord’s house.Then the word of the Lord came by the prophet Haggai, saying: Is it a time for you yourselves
to live in your panelled houses, while this house lies in ruins? Now therefore, thus says the Lord of hosts:
Consider how you have fared. You have sown much, and harvested little; you eat, but you never have enough;
you drink, but you never have your fill; you clothe yourselves, but no one is warm; and you that earn wages
earn wages to put them into a bag with holes.”(1:3-6) “Consider how you have fared. Go up to the hills and
bring wood and build the house, so that I may take pleasure in it and be honoured.
2: Zechariah

Vision about Christ

Angel of the Lord
A single stone with seven facets
Priest by his throne
Humble king
Corner stone
The good shepherd who was betrayed for 30
silver coins
One who was pierced
Fountain which cleans sin and impurity
Struck shepherd
King over all the earth

• Zechariah means: God has remembered

• Started two months after Haggai
• 14 chapters can be divided into two
• 1-8: Written by contemporary of Haggai, motivating people to built temple
• 9-14: is considered written by another Zechariah. Speaks of redemption of Israel
and promise of a King whose kingdom will be till ends of earth
2: Joel

Vision about Christ

Judge of all nations

Prophesy that God will send his spirit

on all flesh: fulfilled on Pentacost

• Written in 5th century BC

• In time of locusts and drought: Calls this signs of coming days of God
• Call for repentance
• Promises showers of blessings to those who return to God and destruction to those
who don’t
• But in end, God’s spirit to all people alike
2: Malachi

Vision about Christ

Last prophet in old testament
Next prophecy was heard through John
the Baptist, after ~400 years
Malachi promised of a messenger who
makes way for God
Of Elijah returning before Lord’s day

• Last book in old testament

• 516- 444 BC
• After temple was built and people started worship
• Even after temple drought persisted and people questions the love of God
Offers following advise
• 1. Do not doubt the love of God
• 2. Holy sacrifices must be done without polluting the name of the Lord.
• 3. Do not show unfaithfulness to God.
• 4. Retun to God.
• 5. Those who love God will be rewarded aboundantly .
• 6. God will send Prophet Elijah before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord.
 3. Chronicles
One of the historical books in Bible
History of events in Books of Kings and Samuel
Written around 400 BC, Believed author is a Levite
Israels after exile, didnt have full political freedom but lived socially free under priests. Book
explains how God acted in the lives of their ancestors.

Message
Through history of ancestors, gives a message to contemporary society: “The Lord is with you, while
you are with him. If you seek him, he will be found by you, but if you abandon him, he will abandon
you” ( 2 Chr. 15.2)
 3. Chronicles
The return after exile didnt grant Israelites full land of Canan. The center portion (Samaria) which
before belonged to sons of Joseph was now occupied by gentiles.

Aim of book is to convince people through history that they are true owners of the land and Canan
was their promised land.

Book1: 29 Chapters: Based on King of david, geneology, his reign and how he made arrangements
for temple
Book2: 36 chapters: Reign of solomon, building of temple. division of empire. Rule by divided Kings,
exile to babylon. Return after King Cyrus.
3. Chronicles
Vision of Christ
God made David an everlasting covenant with David :”I will raise up your offspring
after you, one of your own sons, and I will establish his kingdom.He shall build a house for me, and I will establish his
throne for ever. I will be a father to him, and he shall be a son to me. I will not take my steadfast love from him, as I
took it from him who was before you, but I will confirm him in my house and in my kingdom for ever, and his throne
shall be established for ever”

The never ending Kingdom is linked to Messiah.

Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up. ” (John 2:19).
“I saw no temple in the city, for its temple is the Lord God the Almighty and the Lamb. ’’( Rev.21:22)

The promise to David is fulfilled in Christ. Christ is the everlasting

kingdom and templt
 4. Maccabees Greece divided after Pompey defeats
John the Baptist
Solomon rule Alexander. Judea and Greek Destruction of temple
Last Prophet- Malachi
Syria falls to 175 BC
BC 10th Century BC 444 BC 175 BC 63 AD 26 AD 70

Jews were free and one nation only for 100 years in this period: Maccabees

400 period. Tough time for Judea

John

Simon rule till death John Hyrcanus (30 years) Aristobulus (1 year)
Mattathias

(Old Priest lived in Judas (6 year rule) Alexander Janneus (27) Hyrcanus II
Modein, 27km north
of Jerusalem) Eleazar
Salomi Alexandra (9) Aristobulus II
Jonathan (18 year rule)

BC 167 - Start of BC 63 - Pompey

Maccabee revolution takes Judea
4. Maccabees
After death of Alexander, his kingdom divided to Generals. Syria and Judea came to Selucus I
(Nicator)
Antiochus Epiphanus (King of Judea) plundered Temple and set holy books on fire. Installed statue
of Jupiter. His officer came to Modein to install Greek gods. Priest Matthaias refused and killed him,
starting Maccabi revolution.
Term Maccabi means “hammer”
After war of 5 years, they captured Jerusalem and established worship. This is celebrated as
“Hanukkah”
Salomi Alexandra succeeded her husband Alexander Jannus. With her death Hyrcanus II and
Aristobulus II fought each other
First Hyrcanus ruled for 3 months, but was overpowered by Aristobulus. Then Hyrcanus sought help
of Arabs to overpower his brother. Both sought help of Pompey a Roman general against each other.
Pompey fought both of them and took Jerusalem in BC 63
5. Tabernacle
Temporary worship center during exile

• Specifications given by God to Moses at

Sinai
• Interpretation
• Tent of Lord’s presence (origin from gentiles)
• Place where God reveals to people
• Dimensions: l=30cubit,w=10cubit,
height=10cubit
• Western side was most holy place
• Court
• length 100cubit, breadth West
• N & S sides have curtains of ht 5cubit and hung
on 20 pillars
• west side ht 5cubit hung on 10 pillars
• 3 curtains on east.20 ft central curtain was linen
in blue, purple and crimson colors
5. Tabernacle
Items in Most Holy Place
Ark of Covenant
Contains Stone Tablets of Moses, Budded staff of Aaron, Golden pot with Manna
Mercy Seat
Kept on top of the ark of covenant. 2.5 cubit long 1.5 cubit wide, made of pure gold. God sits here and speak to
Moses.
Cherubims
Made of gold, placed on ends of mercy seat. Cherubims are winged angels that guard the Eden garden
Golden Censor
Made of pure gold. A portion of daily offering at holy place, set aside to be offered here once in year by high priest
5. Tabernacle
Items in Holy Place
Table for the Bread of the Presence
Made of Acacia wood, covered in gold. Golden vessels only used. Bread of
presence always kept here
Golden Lampstand
Placed outside curtain of most holy place. 7 branches, each shaped like almond tree with
leaves and flowers.
Altar of Incense
made of acacia wood, 4 golden horns at corners. placed outside curtain of ark of
covenant. only priests could see. incense offered twice daily.
5. Tabernacle
Items in Court
Altar of Sacrifice
Made of Acacia wood, covered in bronze. All vessels were bronze. Placed at
entrance to court. 4 horns on corners, if a person commits murder, he can reach
the altar and hold on to it, to prevent being killed for revenge.
Bronze Basin (Laver)
for priests to wash hands and feet before approaching tent or altar. placed between tent
and altar
Tent Over the Tabernacle
made out of ten pieces of fine linen woven with blue, purple and crimson wool,
embroidered with figures of winged creatures . 3 outer covers covers to protect the
beautiful coverings of the sacred Tent.
1 Eleven pieces of cloth made out of goats’ hair
2 Another covering of tanned rams’ skin dyed red
3 The outer covering of fine leather
5. Tabernacle
Erected the Tabernacle on the first day of the first month of the second
year after they left Egypt.
After being erected, a cloud covered the tent. God was the cloud. People
rested when the cloud came down on the tent and travelled when the
cloud gets taken up.
6. Offerings in the Old Testament Church
Until Jesus offered himself as the greatest sacrifice, sacrifices were used in the church.
• Offerings and sacrifices are the terms used in Old Testament.
• Offerings include burnt offerings, tithe, offerings from harvest etc
• Sacrifice include only burnt offerings Guilt Offering/ Trespass
Offering
Some types of offerings are below
For trespasses/ sins
committed on the Holy
things of Lord. Guilty shall
Burnt Offering Grain Offering Peaceful/ Well-being Sin Offering bring a ram without blemish
Offering (convertible to silver) plus
restitution for the holy
Male animal without Voluntary offering of Called Thanksgiving For unintentional sins. Same things affected with
blemish offered. Person who flour/grain, oil, salt and offering. for receiving grace offering is applicable even if additional one fifth of its
offers places hand on the frankincense. A portion of from God and communion entire congregation commits value.
animal’s head and his flour and oil is kept aside for with fellow people. A a sin. Portion of the animal
blemishes will be absolved. the priests. Rest is burnt as portion of the dead animal is can be consumed by male Same offering is made when
Entire carcass is to be burnt pleasing odour for the Lord taken by priest and person members of the priest anyone sins by robbery,
and no portion taken who offered. Rest is burnt on family. defrauding and not adhering
altar. to a pledge. Guilty shall
compensate the items value
with 1/5th added to the
robbed and bring to priest a
ram (or equivalent) for
penance.
 6. Offerings in the Old Testament Church
Other than these 5, there are other vows and offerings, they are listed below
Continual Burnt Offering/ Daily Burnt Offering Votive Offering/ Free Will offering Voluntary offering

One lamb each sacrificed in morning and evening
with one tenth measure of flour, 1/4th hin of oil
and 1/4th hin of wine.
Votive offering was made in performance of some People can offer for no reason, only to incur Lord’
vow which a man made. Voluntary offering is in blessing. For this the rules of peace offering and
supplication for some mercy which a man was votive offering shall apply.
requesting. Similar to peace offering. But if offering
is votive/freewill offering, the flesh shall be eaten
that day and the next. The balance shall be burnt
the third day, and if anyone consumes it, it shall be
a sin.

Burnt offering
Elevation offering Food Offering
All burnt sacrifices can be considered in this
category. A portion of the sacrificed animal allotted to A portion of the grain with oil and incense is
the priests are offered to the Lord in a special burnt on the altar.
NB way as elevation offering.
On a personal note, no idea why this is even
mentioned here.
6. Offerings in the Old Testament Church
The main sacrifices are listed in last 2 slides
• Offerings were made of flesh and blood of oxen, ram or dove,
with flour, olive oil and incense or wine.
• Some are fully burnt, and from some a portion is taken by the
priests.
•
• All these sacrifices pointed to the
incomparable mercy of Jesus at Calvary.
• Sacrifices offered temporary salvation, but the
crucifixion made it permanent for all nations
and races.
• Sacrifices used blemish free animals, and in
Crucifixation the purest person, the most
perfect: Jesus the God himself died for
humans.