Factors affecting Lead-acid Battery

performance
Effect of Temperature on capacity
(12V/100Ah SLI Battery)
Effect of Temperature on capacity
(Yuasa VRLA Battery)
Relative Capacities at Various Temperatures

Temp 20 Hour 20 High Rate Discharge 3C20

Minute Amperes
°C Capacity in Percent Duration in Ah capacity
minutes to 1.0 in %
Vpc
27 100 46 8-9 100
15 90 39 -- --
4 77 24 -- --
0 70 20 5-5.5 60
-7 63 16 -- --
-18 49 --9 4 47
-40 35 --1 -- --
-51 21 -- -- --
-20 9 -- -- --
Effect of Temperature on Voltage
Effect of Temperature on electrolyte viscosity
Effect of Temperature on Electrolyte Resistivity
Effect of Electrolyte Density on Theoretical
Capacity
Cycle life of a traction cell with and without electrolyte circulation
Thickness of plates and capacity(Flat plate Battery)
Thickness of plates and capacity (Tubular plate Battery)
Lead sulfate distribution across the thickness of positive
plates during discharge at 180 mA/cm2 as a function of depth
of discharge
PbSO4 distribution in a negative electrode when discharged at
180 mA/cm2 as a function of depth of discharge
 lead sulfate distribution across the thickness of discharged positive
plates, with sulfuric acid flow-through as a function of depth of discharge
Utilization of negative active- material at various plate thicknesses
Variation of Porosity during various stages in the life of a battery (Positive
plate)
a). Dry Oxide h). After 50 discharge/charge cycles
b). Wet Paste i). After 100 discharge/charge cycles
c). After setting (16h) j). After 150 discharge/charge cycles
d). After drying (4h) k). After 300 discharge/charge cycles
e). After formation (completion)
f). After initial discharge
Variation of Porosity during various stages in the life of a battery (Negative
plate)
a). Dry oxide g). After initial discharge
b). Wet paste h). After 50 discharge/charge cycles
c). After setting (16h) i). After 100 discharge/charge cycles
d). After drying (4h) j). After 150 discharge/charge cycles
e). After formation (h) k). After 300 discharge/charge cycles
f). After formation (completion)
Peukert’s Plot
 I1nt1 = K
I2nt2 = K
n log I1 = log K – log t1
n log I2 = log K – log t2

log t 2  log t1
n
log I1  log I 2
The numerical value for n being found for any particular type, the other
constant K may be determined by solving either of the equations.
Example 14.1:
Compute the values of the constants n and K in
Peukert’s equation from the values given and then fine out the duration
(t3) of discharge obtainable from this battery for a current of 30A (I 3).

I1 = 65 amperes t1 = 1
hour
I2 = 12 amperes t2 = 10
log 1 = hours
log 65 = 1.813
log 10 = 1.000
log 12 =

n = 1.000/0.734 = 1.363
K = (65)1.36 = 291.4
Int = K
n
I3 x t 3  291.4

t3 = 291.4/ 301.36 = 291.4/ 102.07 = 2.855h = 2 h 51 minutes.

 (a) (b)
Interdependence of sp.gr., Temperature and capacity
a) Positive plate
b) Negative plate
Effect of rest period during Discharge
Average drop in specific gravity vs. Temperature
New Fully Charged Batteries, 6% Antimony in Grids
Interdependence of Temperature and self-discharge
Specific gravity and cell open circuit voltage
Dependence of cell voltage on rate of discharge
Dependence of available energy on rate of discharge
Relationship between available capacity and cell voltage
Variation of Internal Resistance and voltage for various rates of
discharge of a VRLA battery
Dependence of 30-seconds cell voltage on separator
resistance during High rate of discharge at - 18ºC
Dependence of 30-seconds cell voltage on separator resistance during
High rate of discharge at - 30ºC
IR losses in different types of Intercell connection (12V battery)
Dependence of 30-seconds cell voltage on separator
Resistance during High rate of discharge at- 18ºC
Dependence Float life on Float voltage and temperature of operation
Cycle life dependence on temperature
Positive grid corrosion acceleration vs. positive plate
polarization (Charge voltage)
Example of Float voltage effects on positive plate polarization
Interdependence of life, cost and specific
energy of Tubular and pasted plate cells
Dependence of Life on DOD (SLI Battery)
Dependence of Life on DOD (Tubular Battery)
Discharge current: 0.17C A
Charging current : 0.9C A
Input: 125%
Amb. Temperature; 20ºC
Fig. 14.25 (c) Dependence of Life on DOD (VRLA Battery)
(Courtesy: Yuasa Corporation)
Fig. 14.25(e) Progress of batteries for electric vehicles
and Golf Carts (Japan Storage battery Co.,)
A: Regular automobile battery
B: BC series batteries designed for golf carts and electric vehicles (1970-75)
C: EB series batteries designed for golf carts and electric vehicles (1975- 1978)
[Rechargeable Batteries in Japan]
Effect of position on cyclic capacity
Cell 52 Ah discharge Vs. Cycle number horizontal Vs Vertical
Combined effect of Temperature and float voltage
on Absolyte IIP product
Serial charging of a 4-battery string
Schematic representation of the solidification pro-grain-refined
hydro-eutectic lead-antimony alloys
Resistivity of lead alloys as a function of antimony content
Grain size of lead antimony alloys as a function of
antimony content and the influence of selenium as
a grain refiner
Effect of grain refiners on the grain size of lead-antimony
alloys
Kugelhaufen modal as given by Rand, Hollenkamp and Nelson
Hydrated linear polymer chains
Scheme for connections between hydrated polymer chains
in gel zones, through antimony and tin ions, into an
integral network with electron
Conduct – Limited Capacity Loss
Two Broad categories of Premature Capacity Loss (PCL)
Arrhenius plot for life expectance of vented cells
at multiple temperatures
Impact of positive plate polarization on relative life of
vented cells
Growth of positive grids in lead/acid batteries
Relationship between corrosion quantity and positive electrode
The effect of special gravity on positive plate growth
Photograph of foam grid electroplated with Cu.
Photograph of foam negative plate after curing
 Discharge capacity vs. conductance for: (a) product A,
100 Ah, 6 V monobloc at 22ºC; (b) product B, 100 Ah, 6V monobloc at 25ºC