Formulating

Evaluative
Statements
Critical Reading as
Reasoning
 Think,
Task: Collaborative Work
Feel,
1. The classReact
is divided into triads.
2. The class listens to the song, Upuan, by Gloc 9.
3. The triads need to analyze and interpret the song.
4. On a half-sheet of paper, answer the following:
a.In which class in society does the speaker
belong to?
b. Who is/are referred to as those “nakaupo”?
c. What are the sentiments of the speaker?
d. What does the chair symbolize?
e. What is the message of the song?
 Formulating
Evaluative
Statements
Critical Reading as
Reasoning
 COUNTERCLAIMS
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
A.distinguish counterclaims from
claims
B.formulate meaningful counterclaims in
response to claims made in a text read
 React, React,
React
Our country’s
name should be
changed from
Philippines to
Maharlika.
 What are
counterclaims?
Counterclaims provide an opposing
viewpoint to a central claim.
Analyzing counterclaims help in
understanding the text more deeply.
 Counterclaims are made to rebut a
previous claim.
 What are
counterclaims?
Being able to recognize and formulate
counterclaims in reaction to an argument
is a characteristic of a good critical
reader.
It also shows competence and
familiarity with the topic.
 It can also show that you are willing
to accept other viewpoints.
 Example
One of the ways in which ordinary people can
prevent gingivitis is by gargling twice daily with
a dentist-approved mouthwash. However, in a
recent survey of American dentists, some
questioned the use of mouthwash as a tactic to
prevent gingivitis.
A number of legislators have already signified their
intent to file an impeachment complaint against
President Rodrigo Duterte. They want the president to
vacate his position the soonest time possible. These
people do not understand that impeaching a president
entails a lot of process. They have to provide evidence
beyond reasonable doubt that the president is indeed
impeachable. Why oust a president during the early
stages of his presidency?
Mindanao has been put under martial law
following the war in Marawi. This is a wrong
move by the government. Martial law should
not have been implemented.
 Analyze this:
Convo between mother and son
Son: Ma, kailangan mo akong bilhan ng Huawei P10.
Mama: Bakit naman?? Grabe siya.
Son: Kailangan ko kasi ng magandang phone para sa project namin sa school.
Mama: E may phone ka naman na a! Gavvat!
Son: Ma, pangit quality ng phone ko. Tsaka babagsak ako pag hindi ako
makakapagpasa ng magandang project.
Mama: Sigurado ka ba sa quality ng Huawei na yan?
Son: Oo naman ma! Nagresearch ako pero kung ayaw mo sa Huawei,
DSLR na lang bilhin mo para sa akin.
Mama: Ano na naman yun?
Son: Magandang camera talaga yun kaso mas mahal siya
sa Huawei. Mga 30kyaw.
Mama: Yung Huawei na lang! Gagange ka.
 The Toulmin Method
Stephen Toulmin, an English philosopher,
developed a practical approach to analyzing the
logic of everyday arguments. His approach
involves identifying and separating the various
components of an argument into a specific order
so that they may be evaluated.
 THE TOULMIN
Claim: The overall thesis the writer will argue for.
METHOD
Data: Evidence gathered to support the claim.
Warrant (also referred to as a bridge): Explanation of why or
how the data supports the claim, the underlying assumption
that connects your data to your claim.
Backing (also referred to as the foundation): Additional
logic or reasoning that may be necessary to support the
warrant.
Counterclaim/Rebuttal: A claim that negates or disagrees with
the thesis/claim.
Qualifier: Evidence that negates or disagrees
with the counterclaim. These are additions
to the claim that add nuance and
specificity to its assumption, helping to
counter rebuttals.
Convo between mother and son
Son: Ma, kailangan mo akong bilhan ng Huawei P10. claim
Mama: Bakit naman?? Grabe siya.
Son: Kailangan ko kasi ng magandang phone para sa project namin sa
school. data
Mama: E may phone ka naman na a! Gavvat!
Son: Ma, pangit quality ng phone ko. Tsaka babagsak ako pag hindi
ako makakapagpasa ng magandang project. warrant
Mama: Sigurado ka ba sa quality ng Huawei na yan?
Son: Oo naman ma! Nagresearch ako pero kung ayaw mo sa Huawei,
DSLR na lang bilhin mo para sa akin. counterclaim
Mama: Ano na naman yun?
Son: Magandang camera talaga yun kaso mas mahal
siya sa Huawei. Mga 30kyaw. qualifier
Mama: Yung Huawei na lang! Gagange ka.
Claim: Smoking should be banned in public places.
Data: People surrounding smokers are put at a greater risk of
contacting diseases.
Warrant: Second-hand smokers are prone to serious
diseases such as lung cancer.
Backing: These people are non-smokers but they are the most
affected by the users.
Counterclaim: If smoking is not banned, people may just pay a
fine.
Qualifier: However, some of the fines paid by smokers are not
that high. This results to paying the fine then doing the deed
again. This does not really solve the problem.
Claim: Criminal Liability should be lowered to 12
years old.
Data: More and more minors are committing crimes.
Warrant: These minors are used by syndicates because
they know that minors are exempted from
imprisonment.
Counterclaim: Minors can be surrendered to the
DSWD
Qualifier: This may result to more crimes committed
once they get out from the center.
Claim: Porn sites are bad influences to young
students, both males and females.
Data: It allows for immoral thoughts and actions by
these students.
Warrant: These actions often harass their
classmates, especially the females.
Backing: Porn sites also breed vulgarity in the
language of students.
Counterclaim: Watching porn becomes a distraction of
these students from the heavy work they get in school.
Qualifier: This distraction, however, is
morally wrong.
Claim: Tuguegarao City should implement a 12MN curfew for
teenagers.
Data: This is to prevent crimes and accidents among
teenagers.
Warrant: These teenagers frequent bars and computer shops even
beyond midnight. As a result, they sometimes attract trouble.
Backing: As these teens enjoy going out until the early hours of
the day, they tend to forget their responsibilities and priorities
especially in school.
Counterclaim:
Qualifier:
Claim: Tipping in restaurants and in salons/barbershops
should be discouraged.
Data: Tipping creates an unfair treatment towards different
types of customers.
Warrant: The staff of these establishments tend to prioritize
customers who give a high tip, while those who do not tend to be
ignored.
Backing: This creates discrimination among the customers,
which in turn would affect the image of the establishment.
Counterclaim: But, giving tips do not only increase the number of
customers, but also the quality of service. Thus, tipping should not
be discouraged.
Qualifier: Still, all customers deserve a quality service without the
influence of tipping.
Claim: Tipping in restaurants and in salons/barbershops
should be discouraged.
Data: Employees in these establishment already have regular
salaries.
Warrant: Since they already receive regular pay, it would be
unfair for other employees because this would amount to
additional salary.
Backing: It would also be unfair to customers because they
might feel obliged to give tips to these employees.
Counterclaim: Tipping encourages employees to work or
perform better.
Qualifier: If employees perform excellently, there is a tendency for
customers to have the notion that excellent service qualifies for a
tip. Moreover, tipping would encourage competition among
employees.
Claim: Tipping in restaurants and in salons/barbershops
should be discouraged.
Data: This is to avoid conflicts among employees.
Warrant: Aside from the relationship of employees, the image and
reputation of the establishment might be affected because of the
conflicts.
Backing: A bad impression of the establishment could affect the
customers’ preference of the establishment.
Counterclaim: Tipping should not be discouraged because it could
also motivate the employees to provide a better service.
Qualifier: However, instead of motivating, tipping could also
encourage some employees to be comfortable with the quality of
their service and do not aim to improve themselves anymore.
Claim: Tipping in restaurants and in salons/barbershops
should be discouraged.
Data: It will create conflict among employees.
Warrant: It’s unfair for the other staff of restaurants and
barbershops who are not given the same amount of tips.
Backing: It is also unfair to some customers because there is a
tendency for the staff to prioritize those who give tips.
Counterclaim: Some employees deserve to be given tips due to
their excellent or outstanding services.
Qualifier: However, tipping would create an unbalanced
division of workload and salary.
Claim: Candidates running for any public office must be a
holder of a college degree.
Data: Degree holders are more credible candidates.
Warrant: They are more knowledgeable about the nature of their
work as a public servant.
Backing: They have the proper background and qualifications
because of related subjects they have undergone in college.
Counterclaim: Some non-degree holders are more capable of
serving the public than those who hold one because their edge
would lie on their experiences.
Qualifier: Life experience is not enough to qualify a candidate; he
or she must still be a college degree holder.
Claim: Candidates running for any public office must be a
holder of a college degree.
Data: College degree holders gained wisdom, understanding,
knowledge, discipline, and good leadership skills through the years
of learning.
Warrant: Candidates running for any public office should have
these qualities which can only be acquired in a formal institution.
Backing: With such qualities, there is a higher percentage of
being productive, benefitting their constituents.
Counterclaim: A degree is not necessary to run any office; it’s not
the only basis to be a candidate.
Qualifier: However, having a college degree means that one is not
only shaped intellectually, but also socially and morally.
Claim: Candidates running for any public office must be a
holder of a college degree.
Data: Candidates must be degree holders to ensure that they can
give better services to the people.
Warrant: These candidates have an edge in terms of
knowledge, especially in running an office.
Backing: Their background and knowledge allows them to have a
wider perspective on things, thereby resulting to more perceived
solutions to problems.
Counterclaim: Educational qualifications must not be a
requirement for a position to give opportunities to people
whose edge would be on their wisdom and experience.
Qualifier: Running for office does not only involve having a
pure heart, but also being knowledgeable of economical
dynamics in the society which can only be attained through
formal education.
Claim: Candidates running for any public office must be a
holder of a college degree.
Data: Being an undergraduate might lead to incompetence in
leadership decisions due to lack of background and experience.
Warrant: Graduates, especially those whose degrees are aligned
to politics, possess more in-depth knowledge about how to run
an office.
Backing: They have the prior knowledge how to manage a
position.
Counterclaim: Any one can run for office as long as he can prove
that he is responsible enough to take the responsibility.
Qualifier: But, knowledge of the candidates who do not have a
degree is not enough to lead a certain office.
Claim: Filipino teleseryes in the last five years especially “The
Legal Wife”, “Ika-6 na Utos”, and “Halik” are bad role models to
the youth.
Data: These teleseryes show immoral scenes that might
influence the mind of the youth.
Warrant: They tolerate infidelity and other immoral acts.
Backing: There is a great possibility that viewers might adopt or
imitate the scenes or acts.
Counterclaim: It depends on the viewer whether or not they
imitate or are influenced with what they watch.
Qualifier: But still, majority of the viewers are young children
who tend to imitate what they see.
Claim: Filipino teleseryes in the last five years especially “The
Legal Wife”, “Ika-6 na Utos”, and “Halik” are bad role models to
the youth.
Data: These shows encourage the youth to imitate what is
being mirrored in what they watch.
Warrant: Instead of good morals, immorality is being
enhanced and tolerated.
Backing: Those teleseryes encourage pre-marital sex and
problems such as widespread STDs and adultery.
Counterclaim: These shows, however, serve as eye-openers to what
is really happening in society because they do not only present the
problems, but also suggest possible solutions to such problems.
Qualifier: Even though it serves as an eye-opener, it still
portrays the immorality happening in society.
Claim: Filipino teleseryes in the last five years especially “The
Legal Wife”, “Ika-6 na Utos”, and “Halik” are bad role models to
the youth.
Data: These shows destroy the sanctity of marriage and promotes
actions which should not be imitated by the youth.
Warrant: Some scenes from these shows could give the wrong ideas
to the youth, especially those relating to domestic violence and
sexual activities.
Backing: There could come a time when these viewers could
adopt the ideas and apply it in their own lives.
Counterclaim: Not all youth are interested to watch these kinds
of shows. Rather, they are more interested to watch Kdramas
and shows which they could easily relate to.
Qualifier: However, there are Kdramas which are not as wholesome
as the others. They may contain sexual scenes wIt is unavoidable
that their curiosity could lead them to explore more about
Claim: Filipino teleseryes in the last five years especially “The
Legal Wife”, “Ika-6 na Utos”, and “Halik” are bad role models to
the youth.
Data: There are some scenes that are not suitable for the youth
because of physical abuse, harassment, and inappropriate
sexual scenes.
Warrant: There is a tendency that people may adopt or apply the
scenes in real life.
Backing: Most viewers are elementary students who are prone to
imitating what they see in the TV.
Counterclaim: On a different note, these shows also give
important life lessons to couples or to families for them to be
guided.
Qualifier: Still, the teleseryes show unrealistic and
exaggerated events or scenarios that are not suitable for
young ages.
Claim: It’s perfectly fine to buy products made in China.
Data:
Warrant:
Backing:
Counterclaim:
Qualifier:
Your turn!!! 
Claim: The arrest of Maria Ressa, the CEO of Rappler, is a
harassment to journalists and a display of “power play” by the
president.
Data: Warrant:
Backing:
Counterclaim:
Qualifier: