EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Ridho Alfarisi, S.Pd., M.Si.

Research (Meaning)
 1.1What is research?
• Research is the process of finding solutions to
a problem after a thorough study and analysis
of the situational factors
• Research provides the needed information that
guides managers to make informed decisions
to successfully deal with problems
• The information provided could be the result of
a careful analysis of data gathered firsthand or
of data that are already available (in the
company)
Three steps of research:
 Research is impoetent for three
Reasons:
• Research adds to our knowledge
o Adding to Knowledge means that educators
undertake research to contribute to existing
information about issue.
 Research is impoetent for three
Reasons:
• Research improves practice
o Research suggest improvements for practice –
educator become more effective professionals
o Research offers practicing educators new ideas – From
reading research studies, educators can learn about
new pactices.
o Research also helps practitioners evaluate approaches
o Research also helps educators build connections with
other educators.
 Research is impoetent for three
Reasons:
• Research Informs Policy debate
o Research helps educators become better
practitioners, research also provides
information to policy maker when they
research and debate educational topics.
 Objectives of Research
The purpose of research is to discover answers through the application of
scientific procedures.

The objectives are:

To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it –

Exploratory or Formulative Research.
To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation
or a group – Descriptive Research.
To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is
associated with something else – Diagnostic Research.
To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables – Hypothesis-
Testing Research.
 Characteristics of Research

Research is directed towards the solution of a problem.

Research is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence.
Research demands accurate observation and description.
Research involves gathering new data from primary sources or using existing
data for a new purpose.
Research activities are characterized by carefully designed procedures.
Research requires expertise i.e., skill necessary to carryout investigation,
search the related literature and to understand and analyze the data gathered.
Research is objective and logical – applying every possible test to validate the
data collected and conclusions reached.
Research involves the quest for answers to unsolved problems.
Research requires courage.
Research is characterized by patient and unhurried activity.
Research is carefully recorded and reported.
THE SIX STEPS IN THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH
 Scientific Methods (Kerlinger,
1972, Leedy and Ormrod, 2001)
Six steps of Research

Step 6:
Reporting
and
evaluating
research
 Step 1:
Step 2:
a. Specifying a problem
a.Locating resources
b. Justifying it
b.Selecting resources
c. Suggesting the need to study it for
c.Summarizing resources
audiences

Step 3:
Step 6: a.Identifying the purpose statement
a.Deciding on audiences b.Narrowing the purpose statement
b.Structuring the reports or research question or hypotheses
c.Writing the report sensitively

Step 5: Step 4:
a.Breaking down the data a.Selecting individuals to study
b.Representing the data b.Obtaining permissions
c.Explaining the data c.Gathering information
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Research
 Qualitative
The aim of qualitative analysis is a
complete detailed description.
The design emerges as the study
unfolds
Researcher is the data gathering
instrument.
Data is in the form of words
(interviews), pictures (videos), or
objects (artifacts).
Qualitative data is more rich, time
consuming, and less able to be
generalized.
Quantitative
In quantitative research we classify
features, count them, and construct
statistical models in an attempt to
explain what is observed.
All aspects of the study are carefully
designed before data is collected.
Researcher uses tools (questionnaires
or equipment) to collect data.
Data is in the form of numbers and
statistics.
Quantitative data is more efficient,
able to test hypotheses, but may miss
contextual data.
Research Design Associated with
QUAL and QUAN
 Experimental Designs
• Experimental Designs (also called
intervention studies or group comparation
studies) are procedures in quantitative
research in which investigator determine
whether an activity or material make a
difference in results for participants.
 Correlational Designs
• Correlational Designs are procedures in
quantitative research in which investigators
measure the degree of association (or
relation) between two or more variables using
the statistical procedure or correlational
analyzing.
 Survey Designs
• Survey Designs are procedures in quantitative
research in which you administer a survey or
questionnaire to a small group of people
(called a sample) to identify trens in attitudes,
opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a
large group.
 Grounded Theory Designs
• Grounded Theory Designs are systematic,
qualitative procedures that researchers use
the generate a general explanation that
explains a process, action, or interaction
among people.
 Ethnographic Designs
• Ethnographic Designs are qualitative
procedures for describing, analyzing, and
interpreting a culture group shared patterns
of behavior, beliefs, and language the develop
over time.
 Narrative Research Designs
• Narrative Research Designs are qualitative
procedures in which researchers describe the
lives of individuals. Collect, and tell stories
about these individuals lives and write the
narrative about the experiences.
 Mixed Methods
• Mixed methods are procedures for collecting,
analyzing, and mixing both qualitative and
quantitative data in a single study
 Action Research
• Action Research are systematic procedures
used by teachers to gather quantitative and
qualitative data to address improvements I
their educational setting.