Digital Image

Processing
Lecture 1
Introduction to Digital Image Processing
Spatial & Intensity Resolution
Text Book and References
• Digital Image Processing – Rafael C. Gonzalez (Text-Book)
• Digital Image Processing using MATLAB – Rafael C. Gonzalez (Reference-Book)
• Principles of Digital Image Processing – Wilhelm Burger (Reference-Book)
 Background
• What does Digital mean ?
• What is Analog ?
• Digital Image ?
• Analog Image ?
• Why they are called so

Making Your First Black & White Darkroom Print: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O31OZgnCoAw

The simple Lens, Eye or Camera: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8d7EtUALdI
Analog Digital Comparison

Analog Digital
A continuous signal that Represents data in
uses variable physical
discrete values
quantity
Sine waves Square waves
Continuous range of Discrete/discontinuo Analog continuous Digital continuous
values us range of values

Analog Discrete Digital Discrete

Digital Images - Introduction
• What you already know about them in common
• At a very basic level there are three types of digital images
1. Color: three layers of grayscale images normally RGB
2. Grayscale: Intensity levels vary from 0 – 255 (8-bit images)
3. Black and White: Two intensity levels, also known as binary images
Digital Images - Introduction
Digital Images - Introduction
Digital Images - Introduction
Sample color image as
layers of three grayscale
images

MATLAB Code to do this

h=imread(‘house.jpg’);
r=h(:,:,1);
g=h(:,:,2);
b=h(:,:,3);
subplot(323)
imshow(h)
subplot(322)
imshow(r)
subplot(324)
imshow(g)
subplot(326)
imshow(b)
Some Basic Terminologies to be used frequently
Gray Levels
Gray Values
Intensity Levels
Intensity Values
Pixel Values
Spatial Domain
Real Domain
Frequency domain
Extensions that are specified at the end of the file name – shows the
compression techniques used to store them (at the time of acquisition )
.bmp, .tif , .png, .jpg, .gif,
Digital Imaging
Digital Imaging
Fundamental Steps of Digital Image
Processing
General Purpose Image Processing System
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Simple Image Formation Model
• Images are denoted by two dimensional functions of the form f(x,y)
• The value or amplitude of f at spatial coordinates (x,y) is a positive scalar
quantity
• When an image is generated from a physical process its intensity values are
proportional to energy radiated by a physical source.
0 < f(x,y) < ∞
f(x,y) = i(x,y)r(x,y)
0 < i(x,y) < ∞
0 < r(x,y) < 1
total absorption < r(x,y) < total reflectance
• i(x,y) determined by illumination source (energy source)
• r(x,y) is determined by the characteristics of the imaged objects
Simple Image Formation Model
f(x,y) ∈ [Lmin,Lmax]
• Numerically [Lmin,Lmax] is [0 , L-1]
• 0  Black
• L-1  White
Storing a digital image
b=MXNXk
for a k-bit image, where M and N are rows and columns respectively.
Suppose M = N  b = N 2k
Spatial and Intensity Resolution
• Spatial Resolution : Measure of smallest discernible detail in an image
• Intensity Resolution: Measure of smallest discernible change in
intensity level.
Spatial
Resolution
Spatial Resolution
MATLAB Code
i=imread('eye.jpg');
subplot(221)
imshow(i)
subplot(222)
imshow(imresize(i,0.7))
subplot(223)
imshow(imresize(i,0.5))
subplot(224)
imshow(imresize(i,0.2))
Intensity Resolution