A CASE STUDY

ON URINARY
TRACT
INFECTIONS
 URINARY TRACT INFECTION
 A UTI is an infection occurs when bacteria invade the urinary
tract and multiply.
 It is the second most common infection in the body.
 Woman are especially prone to UTI’s for an unknown reason.
1 in 5 woman will develop a UTI during their lifetime
 UTI’s are not as common in men but can be more serious when
they occur
 What Causes a Urinary Tract infection?
 Urine is usually sterile, but an infection can occur
when bacteria from the digestive tract cling to the
opening of the urethra and begin to multiply.
 Most UTI’s arise from the type of bacteria called
Escherichia coli, or E. coli, which normally lives in
the colon.
 Microorganisms called Chlamydia and Mycoplasma
may also cause UTI’s in both men and women.
 Further Infection
 Usually, UTI’s are not very serious and are
limited to the urethra. This is called urethritis.
 If bacteria move to the bladder and multiply, a
bladder infection, called cystitis, results.
 If the infection is not treated promptly,
bacteria may then travel further up the
ureters to multiply and infect the kidneys. A
kidney infection is called pyelonephritis.
ASTHMA
 According to the latest WHO estimates,
released in December 2016, there were 383,
000 deaths due to asthma in 2015. The
strongest risk factors for developing asthma
are inhaled substances and particles that may
provoke allergic reactions or irritate the
airways (WHO)
PHYSIOLOGY
 Normally, several host defenses protect a person from
UTI.
 The urinary bladder is lined with a mucin layer that acts
as a barrier against bacterial invasion.
 This layer also secretes protective substances that
eventually become part of the mucin layer.
 Elderly and postmenopausal women produce less mucin
and therefore are at a higher risk for UTI.
 Another host defense is the washout phenomenon.
 Immune mechanisms provide another host defense.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 Urinary tract infections are generally classified as
complicated or uncomplicated.
 UTIs can be acute, recurrent, or chronic.
 Asymptomatic bacteriuria: no symptoms of UTI
 Cystitis: infection of the lower urinary tract
 Urethritis: associated with sexual transmitted disease
 Prostatitis: associated with urethritis or cystitis
 Acute pyelonephritis: infection of the kidneys and renal
pelvis
ANATOMY
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PARAMETERS
 Pulmonary function tests
 Spirometry (FEV1 and FVC)
 Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
 Blood analysis
 Arterial blood gas measurements

Comprehensive Pharmacy Review for NAPLEX Eighth Edition