NAME :AYESHA UROOJ

BATCH : 2024
PRESENTATION :
KINSEOLOGY.
SUBMITTED TO :DR. ABDUL
RASHAD.
TOPIC :BIOMECHANICS OF
HUMAN SKELETAL ARTICUL
ATIONS.
In this chapter we wil
l discuss the biomecha
nics of joint function
, joint stability, joi
nt flexibility
 JOINTS
JOints are area where two or more bones meet.
JOINT CLASSIFICATION
1: Immovable joint ( Synarthroses)
2: Slightly immovable joint( Amphiartho
ses)
3: Freely immovable joint ( Diarthrose
s)
 1: Immovable joint.
• Fiberous joint
• Absorb shock(force)
• Permit little or no move
ment of articulating bone.
Immovable joint are of two types
1 : Sutures. In this joint ,irreg
ular articulating bones are tight
ly connected with each other by f
ibers.these fibers ossify early a
dulthood and change into bones.
E.g = Sutures between occipital a
nd parietal bone.
2: SYNDESMOSIS. (By bands) In this jo
int ,bones connected to each other by den
se fiberous tissue. Permitt extremly limi
tted movement . E.g = mid-radioulner join
t, mid-tibiofibular joint , inferior tibi
ofibular joint.
2: SLIGHTLY MMOVABLE JOINT . •Car
tilagenous
•permitt motion ,
•attenuate applied force .
Slightly movable joint are two types
• SYNCHONDROSES. ( held by cartilag
e) In this joint, bones articulate with e
ach other by hyline cartilage. E.g stern
ocostal joint etc
• SYMPHYSIS. In this joint , thin plate
of hyline cartilage separate a disc of f
ibrocartilage from the bone E.g vertebra
l joint and pubic symphysis.
3: FREELY MOVABLE JOINT. •Synovial joi
nt
• Slight limitation to movement
• Articulating bone covered by articula
ting capsule or articulating cartilage .
• Synovial membrane linning the inferio
r to joint capsule secrete the libricant
known synovial fluid.
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT.
• Gliding joint
•Hinge joint
• Pivot joint
•Condyloid joint
•Saddle joint
• Ball and socket joint
1: GLIDING JOINT.
Are also called plane joint. Articulatin
g surfaces are flate so it permit glidin
g movement .
E.g Intertarsal joint, intercarpal joint
, intermetatarsal joint .
2: HINGE JOINT.
In this type of joint one articulating s
urface are convex and one are concave an
d move on each orther.
E.g humeroulnar joint, Interpherengeal j
oint.
3: PIVOT JOINT.
Uniaxial joint rotation around a single
axis.
E.g Atlanto axial joint .
4: CONDYLOID JOINT.
Are also called ellipsoid joint
Oval shaped projection fut into oval
nshaped depression.
E.g Metacarpo pherengeal joint and r
adioulnar joint.
5: SADDLE JOINT.
Similar to condyloid joint but it pe
rmit greater movement.
E.g Carpometacarpal joint of the thu
mb.
6: BALL AND SOCKET JOINT.
One bone has a bulge like a ball and
other has socket to its attachment.
E.g Hip joint, shoulder joint.
ARTICULATING CARTILAGE . Protective
layer of dense connective tissue covering the
articulating bone.It provides lubrication to t
he joint.
•It has two important purpose
-It spread load at the joint so that stress at
contact point is reduced.
_ It allow movement of articulating bone with
minimal friction.
•Once damaged ,articulating bone has little a
bility to heal or regenerate.
ARTICULATING CAPSULE. Double layered
membrane that surround every synovial joi
nt.
JOINT STABILITY. The stability of a
n articulating bone is its stability to r
esist dislocation while preventing injury
to the ligament, muscle , muscle tendon s
urrounding thr joint.
Different factors affect joint stability.
• Shape of articulating bone
• Arrengment of ligaments and muscle
• Other connective tissue.
• SHAPE OF ARTICULATING BONE.
Articulating bone surfaces in joints of huma
n body are aproximatly reciprocal in shape.
_ CLOSE PACKED POSITION.
.Joint orientation for which the contact bet
ween articulating bone surface is maximum .
. Great joint stability.
. Occur at knee. Interpherengeal and wrist j
oint at full extension ans for the ankle at
full dorsiflexion .
LOOSE PACKED JOINT.
. Reduce joint stability.
2: ARRANGMENT OF LIGAMENTS AND MUS
CLE.
Tension in ligament and mscle contribute i
n joint stability epecially in knee and sh
oulder.
•ligament repture or streching can result
in abnormal motion of articulating bones e
nd. Result in articular xartilage damage.
• Stronge ligament and muscle contribu
te to joint stability.
3: OTHER CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
Fascia .White fiberous connective tissu
e
.surround muscle and bundle of muscle f
ibers inside the muscle.
.provide protection and support .
E.g Iliotibial tract.
JOINT FLEXIBILITY. A term used t
o represent ROM allowed at joint.
STATIC FLEXIBILITY. Refer ROM pr
esent when body segment passively mo
ved .
DYNAMIC FLEXIBILITY. ROM that ca
n be acheived by actively moving the
segment
MEASURING JOINT ROM. Joint range
measure in unit of degree.
Goniometer is used for measuring RO
M..
FACTORS AFFECTING JOINT FLEXIB
ILITY.
Different factors infkuence joint fl
exibility.
Like shape of articulating bone ,int
ervening muscle or fatty tissue term
FLEXIBILITY AND INJURY. Research has
shown that the riak of injury is heightend
when joint flexibility is extermely low,ex
tremely heigh or imbalance between domine
nt and non dominent side
NEUROMUSCULAR RESPONES TO STRETCH
.
• Sensory receptors are Golgi tendon or
gan.
• GTO are located in muscle tendon.
•These receptors are stimulated by tens
ion in muscle tendon and tension by musc
le contraction and tension produced by p
assive muscle stretching can stimulate G
OT.
• Tightness in the muscle and college
nous tissue crossing a joint
• Muscle fatigue.
TECHNIQUES FOR INCREASING JOINT
FAXIBILITY.
Increasing flexibility involved stretc
hing the tissue that limit ROM at join
t..
• GOT inhibit tension development in mus
cle and initiate tension development inan
tagonist muscle.
•Other sensory receptior are muscle spin
dle.
• It is formed by intrafusal fibers.
• It provokes stretch reflex and inhibit
tension development in antagonist muscle.
2: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE STRETCHING.
- Active stretching. To produced
by active development of tension in antag
onistic muscle.
- Passive stretching. Produced b
y the force other then tension in antagon
ist muscle.
BALLISTIC AND STATIC STRETCHING
.
- BALLISTIC STRETCH. Aseries
of quick,
bounching type stretch.
- STATIC STRETCH. Maintaning a
slow, controlled ,sustained stretch ov
er time usually about 30 seconds.
PROPRIOSEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACI
LITATION.
A group of stretching procedure invol
ving alternating contraction and relaxat
ion of muscle being stretch.
DISEASE RELATED TO JOINT.
1: SPRAIN.
Are injury caued by abn
ornal displacement or twisting articulating
bone that redult in stretching or tearing l
igament, tendon and connective tissue cross
ing joint.
_ Traditinal treatment for sprain is ice,
elevation,
compression and rest.
2: DISLOCATION. Displacement if arti
culating bone is callef dislocation .
. Common sites are shoulder, knee ,finge
r ,elbow,and jaw.
3: ORTHEOARTHRITIS.
.Degenerative disease of articulating
cartilage.
.Symtoms are pain, ROM ristriction, st
iffness and swelling.
REFERENCE BOOK : J.Hall ,Text book ,
some net contant .
THANK YOU